Is Disciplinary Culture a Moderator Between Materialism and Subjective Well-being? A Three-Wave Longitudinal Study

To clarify the influence of disciplinary culture on the materialism–subjective well-being (SWB) relationship, as well as the relationship between changes in materialism and changes in SWB, the current longitudinal study tracked the levels of materialism and SWB among first-year undergraduates for 12 months. A total of 218 participants from a congruent disciplinary culture (i.e., business school) and 210 participants from an incongruent disciplinary culture (i.e., engineering school) provided ratings on the Material Values Scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule in three waves. The following results were obtained: (1) the interaction effect of disciplinary culture and time was significant. In Wave 3, the level of materialism in business school was significantly higher than that in engineering school, but this difference was not found in Waves 1 and 2; (2) the negative relationship between materialism and SWB remained stable over time and was not moderated by disciplinary culture. Moreover, disciplinary culture did not moderate the relationship between changes in materialism and changes in SWB. The above findings indicate that disciplinary culture influences the development of materialism but not the materialism–SWB relationship in the long term.     

基于即时反馈的反应抑制训练对青少年和成人执行功能的训练效应和迁移效应

本研究以基于即时反馈的Stop Signal范式为训练任务, 考察3周训练是否对青少年和成人的执行功能产生训练效应和迁移效应。发现青少年、成人实验组和积极控制组都出现了训练效应。两个实验组均产生了对反应抑制Go/No-go任务的迁移效应; 但只有青少年实验组出现了对干扰抑制Stroop任务的迁移效应。成人实验组和积极控制组都出现了对2-back任务的迁移效应; 但只有青少年实验组出现了在2-和3-back任务上的迁移效应。所有组别都未能出现对推理能力的迁移。研究证明从青春期到成年期, 基于即时反馈的反应抑制训练能够对执行功能产生训练和迁移效应, 但迁移仅限于抑制和工作记忆等基础成分, 无法改善推理能力。     

论皮亚杰的方法论及其当代意义

皮亚杰从生物学的适应性和平衡化概念出发, 论证了有机体和外部环境之间的双向互动关系, 进一步通过认知过程与生物学过程的“同构”, 建立了一种结构论的发生认识论。发生认识论的主要论题包括:主客体相互作用论、认知结构的建构论, 以及心理逻辑论等。皮亚杰的理论建构方法有两个重要特征:第一, 皮亚杰强调功能相对于结构的逻辑先在意义。功能是有机体对环境的适应与平衡化。因此, 皮亚杰的方法论是一种功能论。第二, 皮亚杰方法论的思想基础是辩证法。皮亚杰的发生认识论一方面批判唯理论, 另一方面批判经验论, 最终形成了一套独特的认识论体系。皮亚杰的发生认识论对当今心理学和心灵哲学研究中诸多“难问题”, 诸如“他心问题”、“归纳问题”等, 可能提供了元理论层面和方法层面的引领和启发。     

发展性阅读障碍的视觉拥挤效应

发展性阅读障碍的核心缺陷一直是研究者关注的焦点。近年来,国内外大量研究发现视觉加工缺陷可能是导致阅读障碍的一个重要原因,其中视觉拥挤效应与阅读障碍密切相关。本文将回顾视觉拥挤效应的概念及其理论基础、拼音文字和汉语阅读障碍者视觉拥挤效应的相关研究,提出汉语阅读障碍视觉拥挤效应研究的未来发展方向,以便更好地了解汉语阅读障碍与视觉拥挤效应之间的关系。     

机器学习在抑郁症领域的应用

抑郁症患者疾病意识的不足以及早期筛查方法的缺乏导致患者在被诊断时大多已发展至重性抑郁障碍。为改善现状, 近年来机器学习被逐渐应用到抑郁症的早期预测、早期识别、辅助诊断和治疗决策中。在应用中, 机器学习模型准确性的影响因素包括样本集种类及规模、特征工程、算法类型等。建议未来将机器学习进一步融入医疗健康系统及移动应用程序等, 不断优化机器学习模型, 通过充分挖掘患者健康数据来改善抑郁症的预防、识别、诊断和治疗等相关问题。     

Dichotic listening with Chinese and English tasks

In this dichotic listening study, monosyllabic tasks were conducted in both English and Chinese to evaluate (1) the effects of processing two acoustically different languages and (2) the effects of bilingualism. One subject group included 28 bilingual speakers of English and Chinese, and a second group in cluded 29 monolingual English speakers. Three pairs of monosyllabic words were presented such that each ear received a different word at the same time. Twenty such sets in both languages were presented, with recall order irrelevant. The results show that the monolingual English subjects demonstrated a significant right ear advantage when identifying English words dichotically, suggesting a left hemisphere processing component. However, there was no ear effect when the English-Chinese speakers performed the dichotic listening tasks in both Chinese and English. It appears that, with the acquisition of a second language, right ear dominance seems to be replaced by interhemispheric processing.I would like to express my deep appreciation to John Ryalls for his efforts in the preparation of this article. Thanks also go to Stuart Davis, Steven Chin, Sven Anderson, David Pisoni, and two anonymous reviewers for their critical comments on previous drafts.     

统计概要表征的内容与机制

人类能够快速提取集合刺激中的统计信息, 并形成以集中趋势和变异性为主要内容的统计概要表征。根据注意资源的使用, 统计概要表征的加工方式可分为分布式注意下的整体加工和聚焦注意下的个体加工。两种加工在工作记忆中相互影响, 共同构建了对集合刺激的表征。统计概要表征适用于多种刺激类型, 发生在低水平和高水平加工中, 因而可能是一种普遍的知觉加工方式。未来研究可关注统计概要表征的神经基础及其对决策的影响。     

持续超低生育率的社会经济后果--以苏州为例

本文对苏州人口发展的历史、现状与前景进行了考察与分析,揭示并探讨了持续超低生育率地区目前及今后普遍面临的一些不容忽视的新人口问题,指出近喜远忧的持续超低生育率不应成为我国所追求的政策目标.     

More efficient parameter estimates for factor analysis of ordinal variables by ridge generalized least squares

Data in psychology are often collected using Likert‐type scales, and it has been shown that factor analysis of Likert‐type data is better performed on the polychoric correlation matrix than on the product‐moment covariance matrix, especially when the distributions of the observed variables are skewed. In theory, factor analysis of the polychoric correlation matrix is best conducted using generalized least squares with an asymptotically correct weight matrix (AGLS). However, simulation studies showed that both least squares (LS) and diagonally weighted least squares (DWLS) perform better than AGLS, and thus LS or DWLS is routinely used in practice. In either LS or DWLS, the associations among the polychoric correlation coefficients are completely ignored. To mend such a gap between statistical theory and empirical work, this paper proposes new methods, called ridge GLS, for factor analysis of ordinal data. Monte Carlo results show that, for a wide range of sample sizes, ridge GLS methods yield uniformly more accurate parameter estimates than existing methods (LS, DWLS, AGLS). A real‐data example indicates that estimates by ridge GLS are 9–20% more efficient than those by existing methods. Rescaled and adjusted test statistics as well as sandwich‐type standard errors following the ridge GLS methods also perform reasonably well.     

心理资本与工作绩效的关系:基于本土心理资本理论的视角

采用问卷调查法,以445名企业员工和MBA学员为调查对象,考察了本土心理资本与适应性绩效的关系。结果表明:(1)本土心理资本对任务绩效和周边绩效均有显著的预测作用;其中事务型心理资本对任务绩效的预测作用较强;而人际型心理资本对周边绩效的预测作用较强。(2)本土心理资本对适应性绩效有显著的正向预测作用;其中事务型心理资本主要影响了压力与应急管理、创新问题解决、岗位持续学习等维度,而人际型心理资本则主要影响了人际与文化适应和岗位持续学习等维度。(3)适应性绩效在事务型和人际型心理资本与周边绩效间起部分中介作用,在事务型心理资本与任务绩效间也起部分中介作用。(4)在控制事务型心理资本的前提下,人际型心理资本对适应性绩效和周边绩效仍有显著的预测作用,显示人际型心理资本的构念具备实证效度。