Relationship between hemispatial inattention and performance of activities of daily living in patients with schizophrenia

This study investigated the relation of hemispatial inattention to the performance of daily functions in 32 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and in 31 healthy controls. They were tested on the relationship between a target cancellation task and the Activities of Daily Living Rating Scale-II (ADLRS-II). According to the results of the hemispatial inattention test, the patients with schizophrenia made more omissions in the cancellation test than the controls. In addition, the results showed a significant correlation between number of omissions on the cancellation test and the ADLRS-II score in the study participants. A statistically significant relationship was observed between hemispatial inattention and the functional status of patients with schizophrenia, and suggests the need to incorporate measures of visual attention into psychiatric rehabilitation assessments.     

What motivates lay third parties to take sides in a conflict? Examining the relationships between the Big Five personality traits and side‐taking motives

Taking sides is one of the reactions available to third parties in handling a dispute. From the perspective of individual differences, this study was aimed at identifying lay third parties' motives for side taking and exploring their relations with the Big Five personality traits. We tested our assumptions using three samples: A Dutch student sample (n = 111), a Dutch employee sample (n = 101) and a Chinese student sample (n = 124). The findings revealed four types of side‐taking motives: Moral, relational, reward‐approaching and sanction‐avoiding motives. The results also showed that individuals' personality traits were relevant to the four types of side‐taking motives: Agreeableness was associated with the relational motive for side taking, and intellectual autonomy was associated with the reward‐approaching motive, the sanction‐avoiding motive and the relational motive for side taking. Implications and explanations of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

证券资本及其二重性分析

证券资本是指证券法所调整的各类社会关系中参与直接投/融资活动之货币运动的总和,货币是证券资本的主要表现形式。无论是资本形态还是资本规模,证券资本均与公司资本存在重大差别,公司资本仅是证券资本之发行资本的一部分。以证券法所调整的社会关系分析,证券资本二重性最直观的表现是发行资本和交易资本,而其本质是实体资本和虚拟资本;广义地看,证券资本二重性又表现为境内资本和境外资本、自有资本和非自有资本、长期资本和短期资本。证券资本及其二重性是证券立法中若干二元结构性问题的基础。     

Perception of surface glossiness by infants aged 5 to 8 months

We examined glossiness perception in infants using a preferential looking paradigm. In experiment 1, the images of two doll-shaped objects with matte and glossy surfaces were presented to infants aged 5 to 6 and 7 to 8 months. The results showed that the 7 to 8 month olds, but not the 5 to 6 month olds, looked significantly longer at the glossy object than at the matte object. In experiment 2, we additionally employed an object that was matte and covered with textures of white paint splashes, whose luminance histogram was almost identical to that of the glossy object. The results showed that the 7 to 8 month old infants could discriminate between the glossy object and the textured object even though both had similar luminance histograms. Qualitatively similar results were obtained for simple spheres that did not contain facial features. Therefore, the results of experiments 1 and 2 were not due to differences in the visibility of the dolls' facial features. These findings suggest that 7 to 8 month old infants perceive difference between glossy objects and matte objects on the basis of surface representations.     

Eye movements of older and younger readers when reading disappearing text

Older and younger readers read sentences in which target words were masked 40 to 60 ms after fixation onset. Masking only the target word caused more disruption than did masking each word in the sentence, and this effect was stronger for the younger readers than for the older readers. Although older readers had longer eye fixations than did younger readers, the results indicated that the masking effect was comparable for the 2 groups. However, for both groups, how long the eyes remained in place was strongly influenced by the frequency of the fixated word (even though it had been rapidly replaced by the mask and was no longer there when the eyes did move). This is compelling evidence that for both older and younger readers, cognitive/lexical processing has a very strong influence on when the eyes move in reading.     

Brain networks associated with sublexical properties of Chinese characters

Cognitive models of reading all assume some division of labor among processing pathways in mapping among print, sound and meaning. Many studies of the neural basis of reading have used task manipulations such as rhyme or synonym judgment to tap these processes independently. Here we take advantage of specific properties of the Chinese writing system to test how differential availability of sublexical information about sound and meaning, as well as the orthographic structure of characters, pseudo-characters and “artificial” control stimuli influence brain activation in the context of the same one-back task. Analyses combine a data-driven approach that identifies temporally coherent patterns of activity over the course of the entire experiment with hypothesis-testing based on the correlation of these patterns with predictors for different stimulus classes. The results reveal a large network of task-related activity. Both the extent of this network and activity in regions commonly observed in studies of Chinese reading are apparently related to task difficulty. Other regions, including temporo-parietal cortex, were sensitive to particular sublexical functional units in mapping among print, sound, and meaning.     

Dissociation and association of the embodied representation of tool-use verbs and hand verbs: An fMRI study

Embodied semantic theories suppose that representation of word meaning and actual sensory-motor processing are implemented in overlapping systems. According to this view, association and dissociation of different word meaning should correspond to dissociation and association of the described sensory-motor processing. Previous studies demonstrate that although tool-use actions and hand actions have overlapping neural substrates, tool-use actions show greater activations in frontal–parietal–temporal regions that are responsible for motor control and tool knowledge processing. In the present study, we examined the association and the dissociation of the semantic representation of tool-use verbs and hand action verbs. Chinese verbs describing tool-use or hand actions without tools were included, and a passive reading task was employed. All verb conditions showed common activations in areas of left middle frontal gyrus, left inferior frontal gyrus (BA 44/45) and left inferior parietal lobule relative to rest, and all conditions showed significant effects in premotor areas within the mask of hand motion effects. Contrasts between tool-use verbs and hand verbs demonstrated that tool verbs elicited stronger activity in left superior parietal lobule, left middle frontal gyrus and left posterior middle temporal gyrus. Additionally, psychophysiological interaction analyses demonstrated that tool verbs indicated greater connectivity among these regions. These results suggest that the brain regions involved in tool-use action processing also play more important roles in tool-use verb processing and that similar systems may be responsible for word meaning representation and actual sensory-motor processing.     

胃癌辅助化疗的选择和应用

局部进展期胃癌手术后是否给予全身辅助化疗以及关于标准方案的临床研究,一直是临床关注的热点问题,对ⅡB期以上的进展期胃癌术后给予辅助治疗已经成为共识,但对于采用何种方案作为标准方案尚缺乏循证学依据,而且东西方医学界的意见存在较大的争议,我们一方面期待具有更高级别证据的临床研究结果,另一方面在现有证据下对胃癌术后进行最大程度规范化的辅助治疗,以提高我国胃癌整体治疗的水平.     

难治性高血压的干预

首先通过改变生活方式进行干预,药物治疗首先要排除精神压力引起的血压过度反应,干预难治性高血压通过联合用药与改变用药的时间.     

对肿瘤研究的思考:观测与结果

从哲学的角度,对肿瘤研究中的常用方法即观测与测定进行了理性的思考,探讨理论背景、观测仪器和测量过程对观测和测量的结果存在影响,肿瘤发生机理的基因异常理论的片面性,提出肿瘤发生的非平衡自组织观点、亚细胞水平成分测不准的可能性和肿瘤细胞及机体研究的黑箱方法.