多因素特质内隐联想测验(MFT-IAT)在多维度自我概念内隐测量中的应用

运用多因素特质内隐联想测验(MFT-IAT),对田纳西自我概念五个维度的内隐效应进行了测量。结果表明:(1)田纳西自我概念五个维度均表现出了显著的内隐效应,自我概念的内隐效应表现为与他人相比,个体与积极词语的联结更为紧密;(2)MFT-IAT可以有效地测量多维度自我概念的内隐效应。     

大学生创业意向与人格关系中创业自我效能感作用的路径模型*

采用大五人格量表、创业意向量表和创业自我效能感量表对2161名在校大学生进行了调查。采用回归分析及结构方程建模等方法,考察大五人格和创业意向之间的关系和创业自我效能感的中介作用。研究发现：（1）大五人格中外向性、宜人性对创业意向有显著的预测作用,神经质、严谨性对创业执行意向有显著的正向预测作用;（2）创业自我效能感对创业意向有显著的正向预测作用,大五人格中外向性、严谨性、宜人性对创业自我效能感有显著的预测作用（3）创业自我效能感在外向性与创业意向之间、宜人性与创业意向之间、严谨性与创业执行意向之间起部分中介作用;创业自我效能感在严谨性与创业目标意向之间起完全中介作用。     

The association of environmental,individual factors,and dopamine pathway gene variation with smoking cessation

This study aimed to examine whether dopamine (DA) pathway gene variation were associated with smoking cessation, and compare the relative importance of infulence factors on smoking cessation. Participants were recruited from 17 villages of Shandong Province, China. Twenty-five single nucleotide polymorphisms in 8 DA pathway genes were genotyped. Weighted gene score of each gene was used to analyze the whole gene effect. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) of the total gene score for smoking cessation. Dominance analysis was employed to compare the relative importance of individual, heaviness of smoking, psychological and genetic factors on smoking cessation. 415 successful spontaneous smoking quitters served as the cases, and 404 unsuccessful quitters served as the controls. A significant negative association of total DA pathway gene score and smoking cessation was observed (p < 0.001, OR: 0.25, 95% CI 0.16–0.38). Dominance analysis showed that the most important predictor for smoking cessation was heaviness of smoking score (42%), following by individual (40%), genetic (10%) and psychological score (8%). In conclusion, although the DA pathway gene variation was significantly associated with successful smoking cessation, heaviness of smoking and individual factors had bigger effect than genetic factors on smoking cessation.     

Heart failure patients’ desires for spiritual care,perceived constraints,and unmet spiritual needs: relations with well-being and health-related quality of life

Little information is available about HF patients’ desires regarding having their healthcare providers address their spiritual concerns, feeling constrained in doing so, and the extent to which their spiritual needs go unmet. Nearly half of our sample reported high levels of unmet spiritual needs and reported moderately strong desires to have their doctor or other healthcare professional attend to their spiritual needs, and moderately strong feelings of constraint in doing so. Spiritual constraint and unmet spiritual needs were associated with poorer spiritual, psychological and physical well-being, but these effects varied, depending on patients’ desire to discuss spiritual needs. These findings have important implications for clinical management of HF patients.     

Orientations to Happiness and Subjective Well-Being in Chinese Adolescents: The Roles of Prosocial Behavior and Internet Addictive Behavior

Researchers have studied individual’s pursuit of well-being through two perspectives: the eudaimonic perspective and the hedonic perspective. Peterson and his colleagues (2005) introduced their Orientations to Happiness scale, a self-report measure assessing individual’s pursuit of well-being that corresponds to these two perspectives. Specifically, the Life of Meaning subscale is the index of the eudaimonic pursuit; the Life of Pleasure subscale is the index of the hedonic pursuit. Previous research has demonstrated that orientations to happiness are positively associated with individual’s subjective well-being, whereas little research has addressed the mechanisms underlying the associations. Based on goal theory of happiness, the present study investigated how orientations to happiness were associated with subjective well-being by examining the indirect effects of the prosocial behavior and Internet addictive behavior in a sample of Chinese adolescents aged between 13 and 18 (N = 2082). The results showed that: (1) both life of meaning and life of pleasure were positively associated with adolescents’ subjective well-being; (2) prosocial behavior partially mediated the positive association between life of meaning and subjective well-being; and (3) prosocial behavior also partially mediated the positive association between life of pleasure and subjective well-being, whereas Internet addictive behavior undermined the positive association here. The findings shed light on the underlying mechanisms between orientations to happiness and subjective well-being.     

气质与父母养育对儿童社会适应的交互作用:代表性理论及其证据

最佳适配理论、素质-压力模型、差别易感模型从不同视角阐述了气质、养育方式在儿童社会适应行为中的交互作用机制。最佳适配理论强调气质特质与父母养育方式的良好匹配能促进儿童的社会适应,而不良匹配则会带来适应问题。素质-压力模型强调在不利父母养育条件下,具有"风险"气质特质的儿童更容易出现适应不良,而对"弹性"气质的儿童影响不大。差别易感模型则认为儿童"易感"的气质特质在良好的抚养条件下表现得"更好",而在不利的抚养环境中表现得"更差"。围绕三种代表性理论及其实证研究结果,对当前最新研究结果进行了分析和总结,进一步细分了儿童社会化过程中的风险因素和保护性因素。从气质与积极养育方式的交互作用、养育过程中父母角色分工的差异,以及气质与养育方式动态作用机制三个方面指出了将来进一步探索的方向。     

基于个体的退休心理模型

退休是个体在特定年龄领取养老金的行为及动态过程。退休模型包括退休的影响因素模型、退休过程模型和退休结果模型三类。其中,退休的影响因素模型包括前因变量模型和退休多水平模型,分别从个人-环境和宏观角度提出了影响退休的各类因素;退休过程模型包括退休决策三阶段模型、退休时间过程模型和退休适应动态模型,分别从阶段性、个体差异性和动态性的角度揭示了退休过程的心理特点;退休结果模型分析了退休对个人和组织的影响。退休四阶段模型是在西方模型的基础上结合中国国情提出的一个整合模型。未来研究应丰富研究对象的类型、揭示影响退休的心理学变量的作用机制、加强应用性并进行本土化研究。     

心理学专业“实验心理学”本科教学现状的调查与分析

针对我国心理学专业"实验心理学"本科教学现状,调查了来自全国28个省市自治区的120所大学的164名"实验心理学"任课教师。结果发现:大部分高校将实验心理学课安排在了第二学年;教学课时在60以上;实际课时越高,其期望课时也越高;讲授《实验心理学》课的教师主要是讲师和副教授,教授较少;实验室面积在160平方米以上的高校占了一半以上,但实验室建设仍被认为是教学的主要困难来源;86.3%的教师会在教学方法上重视实验操作;教师大都受科研压力之苦;教师的教学能力和学生的学习动机是制约教学效果的主要因素,教学难点主要来自实验设计;针对实验心理学任课教师的培训达到了令人满意的效果。     

Highlighting the Challenges When Conducting Cross‐National Studies: Use of Transcultural Theory

Insufficient exploration of multicultural social justice competence in research methodology and procedures may contribute to lingering clinical problems for diverse populations. Using transcultural theory to evaluate the effectiveness of cross‐national research, the authors examined the various cross‐national methodological challenges during the research design, analysis, and interpretation stages. Recommendations focus on expanding the Multicultural Social Justice Counseling Competencies (Ratts, Singh, Nassar‐McMillan, Butler, & McCullough, 2015 ) to prepare researchers with enhanced skills to explore issues involving diverse populations.     

价值驱动注意捕获:独立机制还是伴随作用?

近年来,在注意捕获研究领域,价值驱动注意捕获越来越受到学者的关注。对于价值影响注意捕获作用机制,一些学者认为是一种伴随机制,而另一些学者认为是一种独立机制。文章在对近年相关文献回顾的基础上,对这两种观点的研究范式、相同点及争议进行了总结。未来研究方向可以聚焦在价值驱动注意捕获的实验方法、作用特点等方面以及特殊群体、跨文化比较等领域。