Analysis of variances and covariances is misleading as a guide to a common factor model

The “factor” analyses published by Schultz, Kaye, and Hoyer (1980) confused component and factor analysis and led in this case as in many others to unwarranted conclusions. They used component analysis to develop factor models that were subjected to restricted (confirmatory) maximum likelihood analysis, but the final models for which good fits with the observed correlations were obtained were not common factor models. They were, however, discussed as such and conclusions drawn accordingly. When their correlation matrices are analyzed by the principal factors method, two factors are sufficient to account for the intercorrelations. These two factors generally support the a priori expectation of a difference between intelligence tasks and spontaneous flexibility tasks. They are also quite similar in younger and older subjects, when similarity is judged in terms of factor pattern. Factor loadings for the younger subjects, however, are much smaller than expectations based on the respective ranges of talent in the two groups of subjects or on past experience with similar tests in undergraduate student populations.     

Accuracy in the judgment of in-group and out-group variability

The accuracy of in-group and out-group variability judgments was examined by comparing those judgments with the variability of self-ratings provided by random samples of group members. Following Park and Judd (1990), perceptions of both group dispersion and group stereotypicality were examined. Accuracy was examined both by within-subject sensitivity correlations and by simple discrepancies between perceived and actual variability estimates. In-group-out-group differences in sensitivity were shown, particularly for judgments of stereotypicality. These differences were related to differences in the degree to which out-group variability is underestimated relative to in-group variability (i.e., the out-group homogeneity effect). Out-group stereotypicality judgments were overestimated, supporting the view that out-group stereotypes are overgeneralizations. Whether dispersion judgments were over- or underestimated depended on their measurement.     

The spiritual well-being and need of parishioners

In this study we compare the spiritual well-being and need of healthy and ill parishioners, creating data that pastors can use as background in assessing pastoral need within their parishes. Three questionnaires generate the data, and the results demonstrate increased need of parishioners in the hospital. Specifically, women hospitalized for problem pregnancies demonstrate statistically more need than healthy parishioners, and these data suggest that pastors should assess their needs carefully. A group of patients who fight their metastasized cancer create scores statistically similar to healthy parishioners. Demographic variables also have an impact on spiritual well-being and need, particularity the parishioner's age and level of education.This research was supported in part by the Section of Graduate Education and Research, the Department of Family Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.The PIL and SONG were obtained through the Institute of Logotherapy in Saratoga, California. The Spiritual Well-Being Scale was used with permission of Craig W. Ellison.     

内隐记忆的初步实验研究

本研究探讨在无意义字母串学习中内隐记忆的某些特点,并兼用信号检测论进行分析。实验按A、B两组材料系列中所含关键字母“SCT”的比例不同,分成六个组,每组11名,共66名被试。结果表明:1.各组差异明显,合“SCT”比例高的学习材料,启动效应明显,从而证明了存在着一个独立的内隐记忆过程;2.本实验新发现,内隐记忆过程中,心理状态波动甚微,情绪状态稳定,有别于外显记忆过程。     

辅音特征和声调识别中的耳优势

本文用双耳分听方法,用识别率和知党空间结构指数等指标,探讨左右耳在辅音特征和声调辨别上的优势问题。得到的主要结果是:(1)右耳辅音识别率高于左耳,声级对侧化效应有显著影响;(2)右耳辅音特征识别率高于左耳;(3)两耳的辅音知觉空间维度和维度的主次关系一致,辅音在知觉空间中的分布也无显著差异;(4)两耳声调识别率无差异,且声调知觉空间也极相似。     

中学生友人间执行“分享分担”规范的研究

本研究试图通过研究友人间执行的规范探析友人关系的社会心理学实质。本研究综合使用问卷法、故事投射法和现场实验等方法,围绕“分享分担”规范进行了(1)该规范的执行界域、角色差异与公平原则;(2)该规范与集体主义价值取向的关系;以及(3)社会评价情境对执行该规范的影响的探讨。其结果表明,(1)我国中学生友人间执行“分享分担”规范的界域分布在“利他亦利己”至“利他不利己”之间;友人间角色差异对“分享分担”行为产生影响;友人间的分配以“平均原则”为主导。(2)我国中学生友人对“分享分担”规范的执行与“集体主义价值取向”有着正相关,表现出文化的特征。(3)在社会评价情境下,被试的行为接近社会规范。这些结果从一个侧面说明了对友人关系社会心理学实质的解释须考虑价值取向这一变量,在集体主义取向的文化传统下,友人关系的实质不是互惠和交换,而是分享和整合。     

Relative salience of species maternal calls in neonatal gallinaceous birds: a direct comparison of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Differential-approach tendencies of individual incubator-hatched chickens and Japanese quail were assayed using one exemplar of each of the species maternal calls in a simultaneous-choice paradigm. Within 24 hr after hatching, the birds received several short periods of exposure to rotating mounts of an adult female chicken and quail, which emitted the species-appropriate call. All birds were then tested with calls alone over the following 2 to 4 days. The test stimuli were played from speakers located behind pressure-sensitive panels so that approach behavior was recorded when a bird pushed against one of the panels. Both the chickens and the quail, as groups, spent significantly more time attempting to approach the exemplar of their own species maternal call, although there was considerable variation in the magnitude of the approach difference among individuals within each species. Sources of variation in preference scores are analyzed, and a simulation is used to interpret individual differences in response scores. This type of preference test is useful for a number of applications, notably for studying the behavior of quail-chick nervous system chimeras.     

根据结构特征对汉字数码检索法的研究

一、问题的提出 识字过程是人能动地去如实反映字形、字音和字义以及三者联结关系的过程。就观察字形来说,人在观察字形时是积极主动地将字形如实地反映于头脑之中,而不是象镜子那样消极被动地去反映,也不是象照像机那样一下就摄取全部字形。因此研究汉字检索法就要从人同字间的辩证关系出发,一方面分析字形的结构特征,依照字形实际;另一方     

老化的年龄标识:主观年龄对老年人主观老化体验的影响

为证明年龄对老化的标识作用,研究假设降低被试的主观年龄可减少老年人的主观老化体验。采取实验组控制组前测后测设计,以主观年龄为自变量,分为"等于年代年龄"(控制组)和"小于年代年龄10±5岁"(实验组)两种水平,随机分配至两组的62名老年被试填写《个人老化体验问卷》,评估其主观老化体验。结果显示,实验组在后测中的主观老化体验不仅显著低于本组前测,也显著低于控制组,且这一结果不受被试最初自评的主观年龄影响。原假设得到证明,支持年龄对老化的标识作用。年龄标识对老化意义的简单化建构了世俗的绝对老化观。