What subjective experiences determine the perception of falling asleep during sleep onset period?

Sleep onset is associated with marked changes in behavioral, physiological, and subjective phenomena. In daily life though subjective experience is the main criterion in terms of which we identify it. But very few studies have focused on these experiences. This study seeks to identify the subjective variables that reflect sleep onset. Twenty young subjects took an afternoon nap in the laboratory while polysomnographic recordings were made. They were awakened four times in order to assess subjective experiences that correlate with the (1) appearance of slow eye movement, (2) initiation of stage 1 sleep, (3) initiation of stage 2 sleep, and (4) 5 min after the start of stage 2 sleep. A logistic regression identified control over and logic of thought as the two variables that predict the perception of having fallen asleep. For sleep perception, these two variables accurately classified 91.7% of the cases; for the waking state, 84.1%.     

Self-esteem and proactive personality as predictors of future work self and career adaptability: An examination of mediating and moderating processes

Basing on career construction theory and self-verification theory, current research examined the mediating and moderating models for the relations among self-esteem, proactive personality, career exploration, future work self and career adaptability. A two-wave survey study was conducted among Chinese university students (N = 305). The results showed that both self-esteem and proactive personality (measured at time 1) positively predicted future work self and career adaptability (measured at time 2), with these relationships mediated by career exploration (measured at time 1). In addition, the results further revealed that the positive effect of self-esteem on career exploration was stronger among students who had a higher level of proactive personality. In support of the hypothesized moderated mediation model, for individuals with a higher level of proactive personality, the indirect effects of self-esteem on future work self and career adaptability through career exploration were stronger. These findings carry implications for research on career construction theory and career counseling practices.     

Bias in longitudinal data analysis with missing data using typical linear mixed‐effects modelling and pattern‐mixture approach: An analytical illustration

We analytically derive the fixed‐effects estimates in unconditional linear growth curve models by typical linear mixed‐effects modelling (TLME) and by a pattern‐mixture (PM) approach with random‐slope‐dependent two‐missing‐pattern missing not at random (MNAR) longitudinal data. Results showed that when the missingness mechanism is random‐slope‐dependent MNAR, TLME estimates of both the mean intercept and mean slope are biased because of incorrect weights used in the estimation. More specifically, the estimate of the mean slope is biased towards the mean slope for completers, whereas the estimate of the mean intercept is biased towards the opposite direction as compared to the estimate of the mean slope. We also discuss why the PM approach can provide unbiased fixed‐effects estimates for random‐coefficients‐dependent MNAR data but does not work well for missing at random or outcome‐dependent MNAR data. A small simulation study was conducted to illustrate the results and to compare results from TLME and PM. Results from an empirical data analysis showed that the conceptual finding can be generalized to other real conditions even when some assumptions for the analytical derivation cannot be met. Implications from the analytical and empirical results were discussed and sensitivity analysis was suggested for longitudinal data analysis with missing data.     

善心点亮创造力:内部动机和亲社会动机对创造力的影响

研究者普遍认为,个体的内部动机促进创造力,但这种观点受到了越来越多的挑战与质疑。最新的动机性信息加工理论认为,亲社会动机能使个体不仅关注新颖性,而且重视实用性,从而提高创造力。本研究采用2×2组间设计,操纵内部动机和亲社会动机,将被试随机分配到其中一种条件下完成一项创造任务。方差分析结果发现,内部动机和亲社会动机对创造力的影响存在交互作用,只有当亲社会动机高时,内部动机才显著提高创造力;内部动机和亲社会动机均高时,个体创造力最高。本研究证明了亲社会动机在创造过程中的重要性,为创造力研究提供了新的视角。     

暴力犯攻击行为与焦虑的关系:CU特质的调节作用

采用冲动性/预谋性攻击量表、冷酷无情特质量表和特质焦虑量表,以山东省某中型监狱341名成人暴力犯为被试考察两类攻击、CU特质水平和特质焦虑之间的关系。结果表明:(1)CU特质水平与两类攻击正相关,与特质焦虑呈负相关,特质焦虑水平能够预测成人暴力犯的冲动性攻击。(2)个体的CU特质水平能够调节特质焦虑与冲动性攻击之间的关系,具体表现为特质焦虑水平对低CU特质个体的冲动性攻击影响大于高CU特质个体。     

不同形式的评估反馈对大学生的学习动机和学习成绩的影响

选取大学生被试,采用实验组对照组前后测实验设计考察不同评估反馈类型(个体反馈,任务反馈,社会反馈,无反馈)对大学生的学习动机和学习成绩的影响。结果发现:(1)随着时间的推移,4组成绩均升高,任务反馈对学习成绩有积极的影响,其余三组无显著差别,评估反馈与动机水平的交互作用不显著;(2)任务反馈能够提高大学生的学习动机,其余三组降低学习动机。     

知识背景效应对分类加工过程影响的眼动研究

在目标匹配范式下,使用表示现实生活中的物体和场景关系的手绘黑白图片材料,通过眼动记录法考察了68名知识背景不同的文理科大学生分类加工过程的差异。结果表明,知识背景对大学生分类加工过程有影响,其主要作用于分类加工的首次加工阶段。文科学生在首次加工中对问题区分配的注意多于选项区,而理科学生对问题区和选项区平均分配注意。文科生相对于理科生能够更早的注意到正确选项,在加工中重视对上位概念概括(问题区目标概念)和下位概念与上位概念间(选项区待分类概念和目标概念)的比较,而理科生更加重视同水平概念间的比较。     

微博网民情绪敏感度、行为意向与执行意向的关系

对891位网民问卷调查分析,探讨了网民的情绪敏感度、集群行为意向和执行意向的关系。结果显示情绪敏感度与感知一致性、行为意向和执行意向均存在显著正向关联;情绪敏感度、感知一致性和行为意向三个变量的交互作用对执行意向的影响是显著的,进一步的研究发现在低感知一致性组中,情绪敏感度在行为意向对执行意向的影响中存在调节作用,具体表现为与低情绪敏感度的网民相比,当高情绪敏感度的网民感知到信息与行为的不一致结果时,行为意向对其执行意向的预测作用更强。