Identity practices, ingroup projection, and the evaluation of subgroups: a study among Turkish-Dutch Sunnis

This research focuses on religious subgroup evaluations by examining the attitude of Turkish-Dutch Sunni Muslims towards Alevi and Shiite Muslims. Following the Ingroup Projection Model, it was expected that Sunni participants who practice Islam will project their self-defining subgroup practices on the superordinate Muslim category, which will be related to more ingroup bias towards Alevis, a Muslim subgroup that performs different religious practices. Two studies yielded consistent evidence that practicing Islam increased ingroup bias towards Alevis. Furthermore, in Study 2, we found evidence that the effect of practicing Islam on ingroup bias was mediated by relative ingroup prototypicality (RIP). Moreover, practicing Islam did not affect RIP in relation to Shiites who perform the same religious practices that we examined. These findings support the Ingroup Projection Model.     

Enacting modesty in Chinese culture: The joint contribution of personal characteristics and contextual features

This research revealed the joint impact of personality traits, social axioms, role relationships and the privacy of social situations on the enactment of three types of modesty, namely, avoiding attention, self‐effacement, and enhancement of others, among Hong Kong Chinese teenage females. The modest personality trait was found to relate positively to these modest behaviours. An individual's belief in reward for application significantly predicted self‐effacement, and the belief in social cynicism significantly predicted avoiding attention and enhancement of others. Contextual variables as measured by the role relationships and the privacy of the social setting also significantly affected the levels of these modest behaviours.     

老年住院患者孤独及其与抑郁、焦虑情绪的相关研究

采用UCLA孤独量表和18项简明症状问卷（BSI-18）对487名老年住院患者的孤独、焦虑、抑郁情绪进行调查分析。结果显示,（1）老年住院患者存在不同程度的孤独感、抑郁和焦虑情绪,男性患者的躯体症状、抑郁情绪和焦虑情绪重于女性患者。高学历患者躯体症状、抑郁情绪和焦虑情绪轻于低学历患者,有配偶患者孤独感低于无配偶的老年患者。（2）老年住院患者的孤独感与躯体症状、抑郁、焦虑呈正相关,且焦虑和抑郁能显著预测老年住院患者的孤独感。     

Quality of Life and Bladder Management post Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review

To explore the relationship between neurogenic bladder management techniques and quality of life (QoL) among individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). A key terms literature search was conducted in multiple electronic databases (i.e., MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and PsycINFO). Studies published up to and including May 2013 were reviewed and evaluated based on the following criteria: (1) full-length journal article published in the English language; (ii) human subjects ≥18 years; (iii) ≥?50 % of subjects had a SCI; (iv) results on QoL, as it related to bladder management method, were reported for at least three subjects. A total of 422 articles were extracted and upon review of titles and abstracts, 7 studies met the inclusion criteria. There were two level 2 cohort studies and five level 5 observational studies. Sample sizes ranged from 37 to 282 with an average of 117.1 individuals per study. All participants were at least six months post injury. Bladder management methods used included intermittent (patient/attendant), indwelling (suprapubic/transurethral), and condom catheterization, micturition assistive maneuvers, and electrical stimulation. Normal voiders scored better in all QoL measure domains compared to other management methods. Those using attendant intermittent and indwelling catheterization scored the poorest on the domains Personal Relationships, Emotions, and Mental Health. There is insufficient evidence to provide a definite conclusion as to the relationship between bladder management methods and QoL post SCI. However, individuals relying on others to aid in voiding may experience lower QoL compared to those who are independent.     

疑病者与疑似病者之比较研究

疑病者与疑似病者,在基础心理特征方面存在较大差异,也有一定的共性,两者都构成诊断结果,会给当事人带来心理上焦虑、不安等情绪。疑病者的心理问题是内生性的,与精神倾向及人格有关,疑似病者的心理问题是外生性的,与机体症状有关。疑病者与疑似病者的角色在一定条件下可以相互转化,疑病者在长期不良心境下可变为疑似病者,具有高神经质人格的疑似病者易转变为疑病者。在心理干预过程中,应该注意到这两者不同的特点,采取不同的措施。     

A REVIEW OF COMPARISON STUDIES IN APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS

A commonly used research design in applied behavior analysis involves comparing two or more independent variables. Typically, the relative effectiveness of two different interventions is measured on a single dependent variable. In the current review, 54 comparison studies from seven different peer‐reviewed, behavior analytic journals were evaluated between the years 2002 and 2011. Each study was evaluated across seven dimensions: (1) experimental design, (2) setting, (3) participants, (4) type of comparison, (5) number of comparisons, (6) treatment integrity, and (7) outcome. There were some consistencies across studies, with half resulting in equivalent outcomes across comparisons. In addition, most studies employed the use of an alternating treatments or multi‐element single‐subject design and compared a teaching methodology. On the basis of these results, the value of comparison study as well as directions for future comparison research is discussed. Overall, comparison study is a worthy and important enterprise that requires a high degree of experimental control and a careful analyses of the results, regardless of whether the outcome clearly favored one independent variable or not. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

面孔识别的眼动模式研究述评

面孔是一种独特的社会性刺激,面孔识别一直以来都是视觉认知领域的研究热点。近年来,眼动追踪技术在面孔识别的研究中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文首先综述了面孔识别眼动模式的文化差异,随后分析了面孔种族、面孔熟悉度对面孔识别眼动模式的影响,最后对不同面部表情识别的眼动模式相关研究进行了总结。未来的研究需要进一步探讨面孔识别眼动模式差异的原因和模式差异背后的功能差异,也需要更多关注动态面孔识别的眼动注视模式研究。     

大学生阅读知觉广度影响因素的回归分析

采用移动窗口技术,以101名大学生为被试,探讨了大学生的阅读知觉广度,同时使用多元回归方法考察了各因素对眼动指标的影响,结果表明:(1)大学生知觉广度的右侧范围为2-3个汉字;(2)材料难度、工作记忆和阅读理解对大学生被试的眼动指标有显著的预测作用。     

Noninvasive Brain Stimulation over the M1 Enhances Bimanual Force Control Ability: A Randomized Double-Blind Sham-Controlled Study

Well-coordinated bimanual force control is common in daily life. We investigated the effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the primary motor cortex on bimanual force control. Under a cross-over study, young adults (n = 19; female = 6, male = 13) completed three bimanual force control tasks at 5%, 25%, and 50% of bimanual maximum voluntary force (BMVF) before and after real or sham tDCS. Real tDCS enhanced accuracy at all BMVF, reduced variability at 5% BMVF, and increased coordination at 5% BMVF. Real tDCS improved force control at 5% and 25% BMVF, and especially increased bimanual coordination at 5% BMVF. These findings might have implications for establishing interventions for patients with hand force control deficits.     

The coherence of critical event narratives and adolescents' psychological functioning

The present study examined the coherence of low- and high-point life-event narratives among adolescents (aged between 12 and 21 years) and their psychological functioning in terms of well-being and prosocial behaviour. The results showed robust age-related increases in narrative coherence. Age and gender significantly moderated the associations between narrative coherence and psychological functioning. Specifically, higher levels of coherence were significantly associated with prosocial behaviour only for older adolescents. Higher levels of narrative coherence were also associated with lower levels of well-being among adolescent boys, but not among adolescent girls. Results are discussed in terms of why coherent life-event narratives may not be linked to benefits for younger adolescents and for boys, and how low- and high-point life events both contribute to identity construction.