Parental Support for Autonomy and Child Depressive Symptoms in Middle Childhood: The Mediating Role of Parent–Child Attachment

To facilitate understanding of the factors associated with child depressive symptoms in middle childhood, we examined the roles of parental support for autonomy and parent–child attachment in child depressive symptoms among 150 Chinese parent–child dyads. The participating children’s ages ranged from 6 to 12 years old. Parental support for autonomy was coded from a conflict resolution and a cooperation task. Children reported their depressive symptoms and their attachment relationships with the participating parents. After controlling for parent depressive symptoms, parental support for autonomy was associated with fewer child depressive symptoms. The association between parental support for autonomy and child depressive symptoms was mediated by parent–child attachment quality, suggesting that parental support for autonomy was negatively associated with child depressive symptoms through its positive association with parent–child attachment quality. Moreover, the positive association between parental support for autonomy and parent–child attachment quality was stronger for older children. The current study expanded the knowledge on parental support for autonomy in middle-childhood and its association with parent–child relationships and child mental health. Future research is encouraged to pay more attention to the role of parental support for autonomy in various aspects of child development for children in middle-childhood and pre-adolescence.     

Childhood Adversity and Children’s Academic Functioning: Roles of Parenting Stress and Neighborhood Support

Existing research has shown that adverse childhood experiences from family instability and lack of safety increase children’s risk for poor academic functioning. A recent conceptual framework, however, has emphasized the need to investigate how parenting might mediate while community context might moderate the association between childhood adversity and children’s cognitive development. In the current study, we tested the roles of parenting stress and neighborhood support in the association between cumulative childhood adversity and children’s current academic functioning. We conducted a secondary data analysis on the subsample of school-aged children (i.e., 6–17 years old; N?=?65,680) from the 2011–2012 United States National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH). The parent provided telephone survey data on six types of adversity (e.g., parent’s divorce) that the target child experienced, parenting stress, neighborhood support, as well as the child’s academic functioning. Controlling for the child’s age, gender, ethnicity, and the parent’s education level, structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed a significant moderated mediating effect: parenting stress partially mediated the association between history of childhood adversity and children’s current academic functioning (β?=??1.760, p?<?0.001), while neighborhood support moderated the association between parenting stress (β?=?0.492, p?<?0.001) and academic functioning.     

Position effects in encoding briefly exposed item matrices: evidence for a reading bias or merely a matter of the selection criterion?

Position effects are frequently reported in experiments that investigate the recognition of items from briefly exposed stimulus matrices. A reliable finding is the ability to report items from the first row of the matrix more accurately than from the second row. The present experiments explore whether this position effect depends upon the selection criterion used to indicate the subgroup of items that has to be reported in a given trial. In Experiment 1, German and Chinese participants were presented with language-specific items which had to be selected by column. In Experiment 2, Germans were presented with Latin letters and the selection criterion was letter color. A strong row effect was evident in both experiments although the selection criteria did not prompt a line-by-line grouping of the items. The row effect is seen as a manifestation of top-down processing that is derived from reading habits.     

大学生的学习观及其与学习动机、自我效能感的关系

采用大学生学习观问卷、大学生学习动机量表(WMI)、一般自我效能感量表(GSES)及学习效能感量表,选取254名大学生作为被试进行问卷调查,探讨大学生的学习观现状及其与学习动机、一般自我效能感、学习效能感的关系.结果表明:大学生的学习观总体上是倾向于建构性的;文理科学生、本专科学生在学习观的各维度得分上不存在显著差异;大学生的学习观与其内生动机、一般自我效能感、学习效能感存在显著正相关,与外生动机多为显著负相关;学业自我体验与学习过程观是大学生内生动机的有效预测变量,学业自我体验是大学生一般自我效能感和学习效能感的有效预测变量.     

阅读句子过程中词跳读的眼动研究

采用EyeLink-Ⅱ眼动记录仪,探讨了大学生阅读句子时的词跳读率.实验采用2(语境预测性:可预测语境、不可预测语境)×2(词语熟悉度:高熟悉度、低熟悉度)的两因素重复测量设计.结果发现:(1)中文阅读中的词跳读率存在着语境效应,在可预测语境下对高熟悉度词的跳读率为45%,对低熟悉度词的为27%;在不可预测语境下对高熟悉度词的跳读率为10%,对低熟悉度词的为8%;(2)中文阅读的词跳读率存在着词汇的主观熟悉度效应,不论在何种语境下,高熟悉度词的跳读率为28%,而低熟悉度词的跳读率为18%;(3)中文阅读中,语境预测性和词汇的主观熟悉度共同作用于词跳读.     

中国古代应对欲望的几种学说

我国古代应对欲望的学说主要包括:寡欲说、无欲说、除欲说、欲用说、顺欲说、节欲说、导欲说.这些学说之问有些是一致的,有些是对立冲突的,但它们都可以从不同的视角给我们以启示.     

宋代女性祟病的民间疗法——以《夷坚志》为中心

本文依据洪迈<夷坚志>所记女性祟病治疗的典型事例,从社会文化的角度分析探讨祟病的病因、治法及相关情况.从病因看,宋人将其归于鬼神精怪作祟;从患者看,大多来自巫文化传统深厚的地区,已婚女性是这类疾病的高发生群体;从治法看,受鬼神观念的影响和当时医疗技术、医者本身能力的限制,人们更多地将希望寄托于超自然力,寻求医学之外的治疗方法和手段,从而使祟病治疗领域多为僧、道、巫所挤占,他们凭借特殊的身份和技能成为主要的施治者,并以歪曲的手段掩盖某些合理的真相.     

儿童对观察者预期造成的模糊刺激解释多样性的理解

研究考察6~8岁儿童在由观察者预期造成的对模糊信息有多样解释上的理解.操纵影响观察者预期的因素,包括知觉经验、知识水平、先前经历和偏见,要求儿童预测观察者对局限视野图形或两可动作信息的解释.结果表明,6岁儿童仅对观察者偏见影响其对行动者行为的解释拥有部分理解,他们还不能理解知觉经验和知识水平会影响观察者对视觉刺激的解释,以及先前经历会影响观察者对行动者行为的解释.7岁儿童除了知识水平外,其它三方面的理解都已发展起来.8岁儿童可以理解多种观察者预期造成的解释差异,解释性心理理论比较稳定,但离完全成熟的理解还有一段距离.