儿童整体-局部加工中的负启动现象

采用2种元素疏密程度的复合数字刺激和启动范式,7岁和11岁2个年龄组的小学生分别在注意整体水平和注意局部水平的条件下对探测刺激进行选择反应。结果发现元素疏密程度可以影响知觉优先,而知觉优先与整体局部水平间的负启动之间没有一致的发展关系,说明与负启动有关的注意分配机制可能比知觉组织发展的晚。     

员工工作压力感问卷的初步编制

通过访谈和文献阅读,编制中国员工工作压力感问卷,为企业提供简便的了解员工压力的工具。在两家企业中的293名员工中进行问卷调查,同时要求被试完成工作压力调查问卷、职业紧张量表和自我效能测验。结果表明,有16个项目符合测量学要求;问卷的内部一致性信度α系数为0.8260;问卷有较好的效标关联效度,员工工作压力感得分与工作压力调查问卷和职业紧张量表得分呈显著正相关,与自我效能分数呈显著负相关;探索性因素分析显示问卷包含三个主要因子。     

学习困难儿童在工作记忆任务中抑制机制的研究

本研究的目的旨在探讨在WM任务中,LD儿童是否存在抑制机制缺陷。实验程序采用重复启动范式,设计“预期”和“目标”两种启动条件,随后通过间接测量的方式(内隐记忆测验)分别测得LD儿童和NLD儿童对预期词和目标词的启动量。结果表明,LD儿童对预期词的启动分数与目标词没有显著差异,NLD儿童对目标词的启动分数显著高于对预期词的启动分数。我们得出结论:在工作记忆任务中,LD儿童存在抑制机制缺陷。     

主动建构学习策略和自信的实验研究

目的:通过开设心理健康教育课,促进学生学习策略和自信心的形成。方法:采用问卷法和实验干预法对某中学初一学生进行为期八周的实验干预。结果:实验组学生在学习策略、自信方面的提高水平高于对照组学生,在自信方面,两组学生之间存在明显差异。结论:正确的学习策略和自信心可以主动建构。     

Reading proficiency modulates parafoveal processing efficiency: Evidence from reading Chinese as a second language

In the present study, we manipulated different types of information available in the parafovea during the reading of Chinese sentences and examined how native Korean readers who learned Chinese as a second language make use of the parafoveal information. Results clearly indicate that, only identical and orthographically similar previews facilitated processing of the target words when they were subsequently fixated. More critically, more parafoveal information was obtained by subjects with higher reading proficiency. These results suggest that, mainly low-level features of the parafoveal words are obtained by the non-native Chinese readers and less attentional resources are available for the readers with lower reading proficiency, thereby causing a reduction of the perceptual span.     

青少年学业情绪问卷的编制及应用

通过文献分析,结合访谈和半开放式问卷,将学业情绪确定为积极高唤醒、积极低唤醒、消极高唤醒、消极低唤醒四个维度。以1731名初一到高三学生为被试,通过三次取样测试,编制了青少年学业情绪问卷。通过对问卷的内部一致性信度、分半信度、结构效度和校标效度的检验,表明青少年学业情绪问卷具有较好的理论构想、良好的信效度指标。应用本问卷对3588名青少年的调查表明,青少年的学业情绪存在显著的年级和性别差异,初中生的积极学业情绪多于高中生,消极学业情绪少于高中生。男生的积极学业情绪多于女生,女生的消极学业情绪多于男生。研究表明青少年学业情绪问卷是研究青少年学业问题的一个有效工具     

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中、美、德三国国家医院感染监测体系的比较分析

通过介绍中、美、德三国国家医院感染监测体系的发展历史,比较三国感染监测体系的不同特点,美国成立较早,监测项目齐全,德国起步高,针对性强,我国则介于两者之间;针对国外先进的管理经验,提出中国医院感染监测体系应借鉴国外医院感染控制方面先进的理念和方法,迅速有效地提高我国医院感染监测的水平。     

The relation of patients' treatment preferences to outcome in a randomized clinical trial

Randomization procedures are performed in order to maximize the internal validity of treatment outcome studies. Objections have been made that this practice undermines the external validity of these studies because it ignores patients' treatment preferences, thereby precluding the self-selection of treatment that can occur in the community. This study used data from a multisite, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial comparing antidepressant medication to cognitive therapy for moderately to severely depressed outpatients. It compared the treatment outcomes of patients who, via randomization, received their preferred treatment versus those who did not. Although the majority of patients stated a preference for one treatment over the other, there was no significant difference in the magnitude of reduction in symptoms of depression between those who received their treatment of choice versus those who did not. These results do not provide support for the claim that the external validity of randomized controlled trials suffers from this aspect of the randomization procedure.     

Sensitive questions in surveys

Psychologists have worried about the distortions introduced into standardized personality measures by social desirability bias. Survey researchers have had similar concerns about the accuracy of survey reports about such topics as illicit drug use, abortion, and sexual behavior. The article reviews the research done by survey methodologists on reporting errors in surveys on sensitive topics, noting parallels and differences from the psychological literature on social desirability. The findings from the survey studies suggest that misreporting about sensitive topics is quite common and that it is largely situational. The extent of misreporting depends on whether the respondent has anything embarrassing to report and on design features of the survey. The survey evidence also indicates that misreporting on sensitive topics is a more or less motivated process in which respondents edit the information they report to avoid embarrassing themselves in the presence of an interviewer or to avoid repercussions from third parties.