气流冲击法配合吸痰术用于机械通气患者的效果观察

观察气流冲击法配合吸痰术对于行机械通气(MV)患者吸痰的效果及呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的发生率.将59例行人工气道机械通气的患者随机分成两组,对照组采用常规的开放式口鼻咽部吸痰,实验组在常规吸痰的基础上采用简易呼吸器气流冲击法.比较两组患者的痰鸣音、日吸痰次数,连续两次吸痰时间间隔、机械通气时间、VAP发生率、住ICU时间.两组患者MV时间,差异有统计学意义(P=0.00).两组患者痰鸣音改善情况及连续两次吸痰时间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).气流冲击法配合吸痰术可以有效清理患者气道分泌物,缩短患者的MV时间,减少肺部并发症.     

抑郁遗传基础的性别差异

人类抑郁有着复杂的遗传基础并存在性别差异。抑郁遗传基础的性别差异主要表现在遗传的直接效应及遗传与环境的交互效应两个方面。本文在回顾、梳理既有抑郁遗传基础性别差异相关研究的基础上,进一步探讨了性激素、个体环境敏感性和中间表型在性别差异形成中的作用。未来该领域应关注遗传对抑郁的动态影响,进一步探讨多基因交互作用、不同类型与性质的环境指标与抑郁遗传基础性别差异的关联。     

词汇获得年龄在物体和动作图画命名中的不同作用

本研究目的是考察词汇获得年龄(早与晚)这一因素对物体图画和动作图画命名是否产生了不同的影响。采用物体图画和动作图画命名任务,发现:(1)相比于物体图画命名,动作图画命名的反应时更长,表明动词的产生更为复杂。(2)在物体图画命名任务中,与晚获得词相比,早获得的词产生速度更快;相比而言,在动作图画命名中,晚获得词比早获得词的反应时更短,反应速度更快。基于分析和讨论,我们认为Ao A效应可能发生在图画命名过程中的词汇水平,而非概念水平或反应输出阶段。     

DRD2基因TaqIA多态性与同伴侵害对青少年早期抑郁的交互作用

本研究运用问卷法与DNA分型技术,对1063名青少年(初次测评年龄为12.32±0.47岁,50.3%女生)进行间隔2年的追踪调查,考察DRD2基因TaqIA多态性与同伴身体侵害和关系侵害对青少年早期抑郁的交互作用及其性别差异。结果发现,TaqIA多态性与身体侵害、关系侵害均对男青少年抑郁存在显著的交互作用。在携带A2A2基因型的男生中,身体侵害和关系侵害可以显著正向预测其抑郁水平,而在携带A1等位基因的男生中,同伴侵害对抑郁无预测作用。此外,TaqIA多态性与身体侵害、关系侵害对女生抑郁均无显著交互作用。研究结果提示,同伴侵害是一种重要的候选环境指标,与TaqIA多态性交互影响青少年早期抑郁,并且性别在这一基因×环境交互作用中起到重要的调节效应。     

Connections in the classroom: Separating the effects of instructor and peer relatedness in the basic needs satisfaction scale

When applying self-determination theory to educational settings, evidence suggests that the basic psychological need of relatedness is actually multi-dimensional, which could result in differential influences on intrinsic motivation. Thus, this study proposes a modification to the operationalization of relatedness. The relatedness items from the adapted Basic Satisfaction Needs at Work scale were altered so that items asked students to separately report the amount of connection they feel with their instructors and peers, as opposed to the original items that asked them to more broadly reflect on people in their course. College students (556 female, 321 male) completed a questionnaire assessing their basic psychological needs, including the two new relatedness subscales, motivation, and academic outcomes. Results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the original relatedness scale should, in fact, be treated as two-dimensional. In addition, of all the basic psychological needs, instructor relatedness was most predictive of student interest/enjoyment in the course and self-reported effort. Conversely, peer relatedness did not significantly predict any outcome variables. Study implications, limitations, and areas for future research are discussed.

     

Pre-verbal infants perceive emotional facial expressions categorically

Adults perceive emotional expressions categorically, with discrimination being faster and more accurate between expressions from different emotion categories (i.e. blends with two different predominant emotions) than between two stimuli from the same category (i.e. blends with the same predominant emotion). The current study sought to test whether facial expressions of happiness and fear are perceived categorically by pre-verbal infants, using a new stimulus set that was shown to yield categorical perception in adult observers (Experiments 1 and 2). These stimuli were then used with 7-month-old infants (N = 34) using a habituation and visual preference paradigm (Experiment 3). Infants were first habituated to an expression of one emotion, then presented with the same expression paired with a novel expression either from the same emotion category or from a different emotion category. After habituation to fear, infants displayed a novelty preference for pairs of between-category expressions, but not within-category ones, showing categorical perception. However, infants showed no novelty preference when they were habituated to happiness. Our findings provide evidence for categorical perception of emotional expressions in pre-verbal infants, while the asymmetrical effect challenges the notion of a bias towards negative information in this age group.     

发展行为遗传学简介

发展行为遗传学是发展心理学与行为遗传学的交叉学科, 旨在探明遗传与环境对人类心理与行为发展是否存在影响, 如何产生影响, 以及该影响及其作用机制是否随年龄增长而发展变化的问题。该学科与行为遗传学在研究对象、设计和内容等方面存在不同; 开展发展行为遗传学研究需要综合运用心理测量法和行为遗传学研究方法; 未来研究应拓宽和深化候选基因与行为关联性的考察, 并着力探析基因与环境的相互作用机制。     

情境启动和认知需要对决策中信息加工的影响

以100名大学生为被试,采用信息板技术,以职业选择作为决策任务,考察由情境启动激活的决策策略和认知需要的个体差异对决策中信息加工的影响.结果表明,通过启动激活的决策策略和认知需要对决策过程都有显著的影响,在加工时间上和点击次数上两者交互作用分别达到了(边缘)显著水平.说明人们在决策中的信息加工是受情境因素和个体差异因素共同影响的.     

小学儿童句法意识、语音意识与阅读理解成绩的关系

本文考察了小学二年级和四年级儿童句法意识、语音意识与阅读理解成绩之间的关系.结果发现,对于二年级学生,句法意识预测了词汇理解和句子理解的成绩;语音意识预测了课文理解的成绩.对于四年级学生,句法意识预测了词汇理解、篇章理解的成绩;句法意识和语音意识预测了句子理解的成绩.结果表明,句法意识和语音意识是影响小学儿童阅读理解能力发展的重要因素,语音意识对阅读理解成绩的预测作用不如句法意识的预测作用稳定.