Nonword repetition abilities of children who stutter: an exploratory study

Past research has suggested that children who stutter (CWS) may have less well-developed language skills than fluent children, and that such relative linguistic deficiencies may play a role in precipitating their disfluencies. However, data to support this position are primarily derived from results of standardized diagnostic inventories, which are originally designed to identify frank language impairment. Nonword repetition has emerged as a more sensitive measure of children's linguistic abilities. In this exploratory study, eight CWS (mean age 5:10, range 4:3-8:4) were compared to eight normally developing children (ND) (mean age 5:9, range 4:1-8:4) in their ability to repeat the nonwords of the Children's Test of Nonword Repetition. CWS performed more poorly than NS on measures of Number of Words Correct and Number of Phoneme Errors at all nonword lengths, although statistical differences were observed only for 3-syllable nonwords. When lexical stress of the nonwords was varied to a non-English stress pattern, all participants repeated the stimuli with less accuracy, and the CWS again exhibited more errors than NS. Fluency for the CWS group did not change systematically with increasing nonword length. These preliminary findings are interpreted in light of a number of extant theories of the underlying deficit in childhood stuttering. We conclude that children who stutter may have diminished ability to remember and/or reproduce novel phonological sequences, and that further investigation into this possibility may shed light on the emergence and characteristics of childhood stuttering. EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES: After completing this activity, the learner will: (1) be able to evaluate the research support for a linguistic component to stuttering; (2) describe the use of nonword repetition as an experimental and assessment device with children with SLI and children who stutter; (3) suggest future directions for research to further refine the potential role that linguistic encoding plays in the etiology and persistence of stuttering.     

Friendships and Adaptation Across the Life Span

Friends foster self-esteem and a sense of well-being, socialize one another, and support one another in coping with developmental transitions and life stress. Friends engage in different activities with one another across the life span, but friendship is conceived similarly by children and adults. Friends and friendships, however, are not all alike. The developmental significance of having friends depends on the characteristics of the friends, especially whether the friends are antisocial or socially withdrawn. Outcomes also depend on whether friendships are supportive and intimate or fractious and unstable. Among both children and adults, friendships have clear-cut developmental benefits at times but are mixed blessings at other times.     

一日龄小鸡的记忆保持及其与脑内加压素（AVP）含量的相关研究

以一日龄小鸡为实验对象,进行一次性厌恶回避反应训练,并应用加压素的放射免疫测定法,分析比较记忆保持测验中,成绩优、劣及对照组动物与其脑内加压素含量的相关。实验结果表明,记忆保持良好的动物,脑内加压素含量明显低于对照组和记忆不良组,而记忆不良组与对照组之间则无明显差异。提示在正常生理状态下,加压素参与记忆过程的调制,并可能在这一过程中有一定的耗竭或合成减少,如适时得以补充,则对记忆的巩固和再现起易化作用。     

通过样例和问题求解学习物理──加强对条件的认知

这项研究支持了我们先前的研究结果,即知识可以表征为一组产生式规则,产生式规则的学习可以通过考察样例和通过问题求解的方式进行。这项研究特别探讨了加强对于产生式的条件认知加工活动的效果。结果表明了我们这一构思的有效性。此外,还讨论了这一学习模式的学习过程。     

How do friendship artificial intelligence chatbots (FAIC) benefit the continuance using intention and customer engagement?

Although there have been many AI chatbots in industry service, social media, and e-commerce platforms, research on AI chatbots such as Replika, neglected the effects of human-like traits on users' continuance using intention. This article aims to explore the main effects of human-like traits (perceived warmth vs. perceived competence) of friendship AI chatbots (FAIC) on continuance using intention and customer engagement, and the moderating effects of the need to belong and information sensitivity. Three studies are conducted to collect data (N_total = 1420). Our findings of Study 1 demonstrate that perceived warmth and perceived competence can increase the continuance using intention to FAIC and customer engagement, and perceived usefulness plays a mediating role in our conceptual model. Additionally, consumers' need to belong (high vs. low) (Study 2) and information sensitivity (high vs. low) (Study 3) related to chat contents moderate the main effects significantly. This article contributes to the literature on the relationship between FAIC and consumers by presenting the influence of perceived warmth and perceived competence and establishing the underlying process. Analogously, the findings can be beneficial for marketers and firms in designing and developing the coding program of FAIC to promote consumers' continuance using intention and customer engagement.     

注意缺陷多动障碍-发展性阅读障碍共患儿童的干预效果及其内在机理

注意缺陷多动障碍和发展性阅读障碍是两类常见的儿童神经发育障碍, 二者共患率高达25%~48%。共患问题不仅使儿童自身面临着严重的认知、行为和心理损害, 还给家庭、学校和社会带来了沉重的负担, 对共患儿童的干预是极为必要且重要的。以共患病理机制假说为基础, 可将既往共患儿童的干预研究划分为以下两大类：(1)基于表型假说的干预方案, 如药物干预、阅读干预以及二者联合干预, 相应方案干预效果的迁移性和稳定性均有待深入考究; (2)基于共同缺陷假说的干预方案, 如针对核心共同认知缺陷之一的加工速度问题的干预已初显成效, 但相关研究较少, 干预效果需更多研究进一步系统性地考察。最后就共患儿童的干预方案现状进行了反思和展望。     

农村留守儿童心理健康水平变迁的横断历史研究

研究选取2004年至2017年中采用MHT量表的90篇文献,进行了横断历史元分析,探究留守儿童心理健康状况随年代的变化趋势.结果表明:(1)学习焦虑、过敏倾向与年代呈正相关,其余因子均与年代呈负相关,年代对各因子变异的解释率在14％～23％之间;(2)对人焦虑、身体症状、恐怖倾向、冲动倾向平均下降范围在0.06～0.7...     

Performance or capacity, the model still requires definitions and boundaries it doesn't have

Siegel is correct that, in its current form, the specific constructs underlying the Demands and Capacities Model cannot be adequately defined. However, substituting observable behavior (performance) for presumed underlying weaknesses in the speech production systems of those who stutter (capacity) does not appear to solve the problem of circularity identified. Rather, demands have not been adequately defined, either.

There is much to agree with in Siegel's note. However, it is not clear to me that the Demands and Capacities Model is salvaged by substituting the term “Performance” for “Capacity.” Rather, the problem with the Model is one of defining terms precisely enough so that the Model is not circular (as Ingham & Cordes (1997) have noted), or the logical inverse of Procruste's bed, as I have stated elsewhere (Bernstein Ratner, 1997), a model that fits all interpretations simply because it stretches to fit all possibilities.     

放弃治疗:ICU决策的经济影响力

对ＩＣＵ放弃治疗的决策,经济因素不应是主要的。人们完全能够在尊重科学和理性、尊重生命末期价值和意义以及追求社会资源公正分配和有效利用基础上对脑死、植物状态或临终病人的放弃治疗达成共识。目前,重要的是需要制定相关政策和法律,保障ＩＣＵ放弃治疗的合理实施。     

小剂量吗啡对大鼠活动性的影响

腹腔注射不同剂量吗啡,观察各组大鼠在给药后不同时间的活动性（ｌｏｃｏｍｏｔｏｒａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ,ＬＡ）,连续给药８天,每天给药后９５ｍｉｎ内,每间隔１５ｍｉｎ,记录大鼠５ｍｉｎ内在限定空间中所走格数。结果表明：随吗啡给药剂量或次数增加,ＬＡ呈升高趋势;使大鼠ＬＡ明显兴夯的适宜低剂量为４ｍｇ／ｋｇ／ｄａｙ,该剂量下每天药后１５－２０ｍｉｎＬＡ为峰值,而且此时段ＬＡ逐日升高,至第８日出现下降趋势,此毕