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21.
Jörg R. J. Schirra 《Kognitionswissenschaft》1997,6(4):177-195
How can we explain that an assertion on something perceived can be understood in the same manner by somebody who cannot perceive that scene? This problem bases the interest in computational linguistics in how listener modeling could possibly be harmonized with reference semantics. Mental images substituting real perception appear as a way out. The architecture of the listener model has to be adapted to the creation and use of such pictorial data structures. Furthermore, the relation between the latter and a verbal (i. e., propositional) representation must be understood. The resulting architecture of a listener model with reference semantics can be employed to solve communicational problems from three general classes in a better way, as is demonstrated by an example implementation. 相似文献
22.
The study investigated gender differences among 11,000 Israeli children in Grades 4–6 with respect to verbal, spatial, and mathematical ability, as measured by 12 intelligence tests. Consistent differences in score variance were found across grades for 11 of the 12 tests. In each of these tests the variance for boys exceeded that for girls by 10%–20%. With respect to mean achievement, consistent cross-grade differences were found only for mathematical ability, where boys had the edge (about 0.20 SD). These findings diverge from those of recent American studies, which found no gender differences in any of these realms. Furthermore, they differ from the results of earlier Israeli studies in that the gender gap is limited to mathematical ability, and its size is much smaller. The revealed gender gap can be partially attributed to differences in response strategy: girls were found to be more likely to skip items for which they lack an answer (i.e., to take fewer risks in guessing). This implies that the performance of girls on intelligence tests will improve if they are encouraged to dare to guess.This research was supported by the Henrietta Szold Research Institute. We thank Nora Cohen for providing the data base; Lavee Artman, Kalman Binyamini, Nora Cohen, Eyal Gamliel, and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on previous drafts; and Helene Hogri for the editorial revisions. 相似文献
23.
Yael Tamir 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》1996,15(1-2):175-191
This paper offers an analysis of the notion the quest for identity. The discussion emphasizes the importance of communal belonging, but rejects the view that one ought to belong to the community one was born to. It suggests that the quest for identity may lead individuals to follow many avenues: while some individuals might affirm their inherent affiliations and traditions, others may remain within their community of origin and strive to change its ways, or chose to leave their social group and opt for membership in a new one. This analysis suggests that choice, characteristic of the liberal conception of the person, and rootedness, characteristic of the communitarian conception of the person, both play an important role in the formation of personal identity. 相似文献
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