Framing effects of per‐person versus aggregate prices in group meals

This research draws on regulatory focus theory and applies it to the context of price framing in group meals. Specifically, it examines the possibility that a per‐person framing of price (an aggregate price) may activate a promotion focus (prevention focus) in consumers. The results of five experiments show that participants (a) generated more promotion‐relevant (vs. prevention‐relevant) thoughts, (b) were more inclined to consume the group meal when a persistent focus on promotion (vs. prevention) was exhibited, (c) rated promotion‐focused (vs. prevention‐focused) messages more favorably, and (d) reported a higher intention to opt for an offer where the chance of obtaining a positive goal was enhanced, in response to a per‐person price rather than an aggregate price. Mediation analyses provide additional evidence for the notion that pursuit of promotion goals (prevention goals), which relate to obtaining value (avoiding loss) primed by a per‐person price (an aggregate price), had the effect of regulating one's choices. Managerial implications of the findings are discussed, followed by recommendations for future research.     

努力：成本还是奖赏?

努力(Effort)与奖赏系统关系密切。当前关于努力在奖赏加工中的作用存在两个截然相反的观点：努力是一种成本还是一种奖赏?理论模型包括：其一, 努力是一种成本, 会降低奖赏的价值, 相应的理论解释包括内部成本模型、机会成本模型及信号模型等; 其二, 努力能够提升奖赏的价值, 相应的理论解释包括认知失调和努力的合理化模型、习得性勤奋理论及认知需求理论等。这两种观点均得到了来自于动物学、行为学、电生理学以及神经影像学等证据的支持。未来研究需要对努力准确定义, 从时间进程角度对努力的理论进行整合, 进一步考察努力的相关影响因素。     

Effects of mortality salience on evaluation of ingroup and outgroup sources: the impact of pro- versus counterattitudinal positions

Past Terror Management Theory (TMT) research has demonstrated that mortality salience leads to favoritism toward ingroup members and derogation of outgroup members and to polarized attitudes toward the source of pro and counterattitudinal statements. In such research, the individual's group membership and the individual's worldview position were examined separately. Thus, when the individual's group membership was manipulated, one could normally assume that an outgroup member is counterattitudinal and an ingroup member is proattitudinal. It is unclear, therefore, whether ingroup members elicited favoritism from mortality salient participants because of their group membership or because of their presumably proattitudinal position, or both. The authors present two studies in which the individual's group membership and attitudinal position are jointly manipulated. Results showed that among mortality salient participants, the outgroup member received favorable or unfavorable evaluations depending on his position, whereas the ingroup member received moderately positive evaluations regardless of the position taken.     

The effects of an implemental mind-set on attitude strength

The authors investigated whether an implemental mind-set fosters stronger attitudes. Participants who made a decision about how to act (vs. those who held off) expressed a more extreme attitude toward an issue unrelated to the decision (Experiment 1). Participants who planned the implementation of a decision (vs. deliberated vs. control) exhibited less ambivalent (Experiment 2) and more accessible (Experiment 3) attitudes toward various objects unrelated to the decision. Moreover, an attitude reported by planning participants better predicted self-reported behavior 1 week later (Experiment 4). Finally, results suggest that the effect of an implemental mind-set on attitude strength toward unrelated objects is driven by a focus on information that supports an already-made decision (Experiment 5). Implications for attitudes, goals, and mind-sets are discussed.     

灵感的概念、结构与功能

灵感既是一种人格特质, 也是一种状态体验。无论是作为心理结构的特质灵感, 还会作为欲求体验的状态灵感, 都具有动力性、唤起性和超越性三个核心特征。状态灵感是由诱发刺激所唤起的, 并使个体趋向于目标, 包括by成分和to成分两个独立的过程成分。灵感与积极情绪相比, 具有相当的动力性、更多的超越性和更少的责任性。灵感有利于创造力的发挥, 有益于心理健康, 能够增进个体的幸福感。未来的研究应对领域特异性的灵感、灵感结构的普遍性、灵感的诱发方法以及灵感影响心理健康和幸福感的机制做更深入的探讨。     

慢性应激对大鼠空间学习记忆及海马和前脑皮层突触体膜流动性的影响

慢性应激对学习记忆功能的影响是神经科学的热点问题, 在脑内, 海马和前额叶是与学习记忆功能密切相关的重要脑区, 也是应激易累及损伤的主要靶区。膜流动性的改变在神经细胞功能活动中起重要作用。为探讨慢性应激对大鼠空间学习记忆功能的影响及前脑皮层和海马突触体膜流动性的作用。采用多因素慢性应激动物模型, 通过开场试验和Morris水迷宫测试大鼠行为及空间学习记忆能力; 并且测定大鼠前脑皮层和海马突触体膜流动性和突触体内游离Ca2+浓度的变化。研究结果显示, 与对照组相比, 应激组大鼠在应激后即刻, 在新异环境中的自发活动和探究行为显著降低(p<0.05, p<0.01), 空间学习记忆能力明显下降(p<0.05, p <0.01); 并且应激组大鼠前脑皮层和海马突触体膜流动性显著降低(p <0.05, p <0.01); 而突触体内游离Ca2+浓度的显著增加 (p <0.05, p <0.01)。停止应激后一周, 应激大鼠的各项指标有所恢复, 但仍未达到正常水平。研究结果提示, 慢性应激引起大鼠明显的开场行为改变和空间学习记忆功能障碍, 这些变化可能与突触体膜流动性和突触体内游离Ca2+浓度的变化密切相关。     

Learning to suppress a distractor is not affected by working memory load

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review - Where and what we attend to is not only determined by our current goals but also by what we have encountered in the past. Recent studies have shown that people...     

食物线索注意偏向及其神经机制

与其他类型的刺激相比, 个体会优先注意食物相关刺激, 即对食物刺激的注意偏向。对影响食物线索注意偏向个体因素研究的分析发现：(1)在状态因素中, 饥饿以及与自我威胁有关的、唤起强度大的负性情绪对食物线索注意偏向有增强作用, 这在注意加工的早期和晚期都有体现; (2)在特质因素中, 行为研究发现, 相比于体重正常个体和非限制性饮食者, 超重/肥胖个体以及唤起节食目标的成功限制性饮食者没有更强的注意偏向, 但是, ERP研究发现, 在注意加工的早期阶段, 就出现了特质因素对食物线索注意偏向的影响; (3) fMRI研究发现, 对食物线索的注意过程伴随着脑岛、眶额叶皮层等与奖励相关的脑区及视觉注意网络的激活。未来研究需要：(1)从动态角度研究注意偏向, 进一步提高测量的信度; (2)使用专门的范式探究个体因素影响注意偏向的神经机制; (3)严格分离不同状态因素; (4)对被试进行严谨筛选和划分, 做好被试间的对比研究。     

文化影响亲属词性别概念加工中的空间隐喻与重量隐喻——来自彝族、白族和摩梭人的证据

采用空间隐喻和重量隐喻的研究范式, 考察彝族人、白族人和摩梭人在亲属词性别概念加工中的空间隐喻和重量隐喻。实验1考察亲属词性别概念加工的上下隐喻。结果表明, 彝族人对“上男下女”词对的反应比对“上女下男”词对快; 白族人在判断长辈亲属词时, 对“上男下女”词对的反应比对“上女下男”词对快; 摩梭人对“上男下女”词对的反应比对“上女下男”词对慢。实验2采用性别概念启动重量概念, 发现亲属词性别概念加工存在着轻重隐喻一致性效应, 性别亲属词对促进对天平倾斜方向的判断。对彝族人而言, 男性亲属词激活了“重”概念, 女性亲属词激活了“轻”概念; 对摩梭人而言, 女性亲属词激活了“重”概念, 男性亲属词激活了“轻”概念; 白族人未表现出亲属词性别对轻重概念激活的差异。实验3采用重量概念启动性别概念。结果显示, 对彝族人而言, “重”概念启动了“男”概念, “轻”概念启动了“女”概念; 对摩梭人而言, “重”概念启动了“女”概念, “轻”概念启动了“男”概念; 对白族人而言, 未发现轻重概念对性别概念启动的显著差异。整个研究表明, 性别文化影响亲属词性别概念加工中的空间隐喻和重量隐喻, 证明了隐喻的文化性。