期望与绩效的关系:调节定向的调节作用

经典动机理论认为高期望能提高绩效水平,本研究结合调节定向理论进一步回答这种效应"何时"存在或"如何"产生的问题。研究1通过测量期望水平、并用任务框架操作调节定向,检验了情景启动的调节定向对期望与行为间关系的影响;研究2采取更严格的被试内设计通过任务难度操作期望,考察了作为个体长期差异的调节定向的作用。结果表明:①调节定向调节成功期望与绩效之间的关系:对于促进定向,成功期望与绩效正相关;对于预防定向,期望与绩效相关不显著。②动机可以部分解释调节定向与期望的交互作用机制:高水平的成功期望会提高促进定向个体的动机强度,进而产生高的绩效结果;其对预防定向个体的动机强度的影响不显著。     

1996至2016年中国老年人心理健康变迁的横断历史研究

为探究中国老年人心理健康水平随年代的变迁,运用横断历史研究方法对1996至2016年间160篇采用90项症状自评量表（SCL-90）的研究报告进行元分析。研究发现：（1）SCL-90各因子与年代均呈显著正相关,说明我国老年人心理健康水平在逐年下降。（2）SCL-90各因子与3项社会指标（离婚率、死亡率和犯罪率）有显著正相关。（3）不同性别老年人的心理健康水平均呈逐年下降趋势,但心理健康水平得分的性别差异并不显著。（4）城市老年人的心理健康水平呈逐年下降的趋势,而农村老年人的心理健康水平则呈逐年上升趋势。     

推进新时代中国社区心理学新形态建设

建设中国特色的社区心理学是时代的呼唤和要求。在党的二十大精神指引下,新时代中国社区心理学需要坚持中国化时代化的马克思主义为指导以推进理论建设;以新时代社区心理建设为场域,助力社会主义核心价值观培育;构建新时代中国社区心理学服务路径,助推人民共同富裕。总体而言,中国特色社区心理学的理论建设与实践探索需要关注新时代社区发展中涌现出的新问题,提出解决中国社区发展问题的中国办法和中国方案,努力推进中国社区心理学新形态的建设。     

试析道教劝善书中的生态伦理思想

道教劝善书作为一种伦理道德教化书 ,其中所述的伦理道德规范不仅用以调节人与人之间、人与社会之间的相互关系 ,而且还进一步推广到调节人与动植物、人与自然的关系 ;它主张自然界生命的平等性 ,倡导“贵生”的生命情怀 ,提出“是道则进 ,非道则退”的生态伦理行为准则 ,从而形成了具有神学特征的以生命为中心的生态伦理观。     

积极组织学术研究--当代组织管理学中的新运动

积极组织学术研究是管理学中的一项新运动,由密歇根大学商学院倡导建立的积极组织学术研究小组发起。主张发展积极的人类优势,复苏、振兴和激发组织活力,使组织兴旺发达,使其员工迈向成功。研究者将研究重点集中于在组织环境中培养积极的要素,并在研究中构建严谨、系统的理论基础,以期实现组织、员工及研究者的共同发展。     

弥散张量成像在语言认知神经科学研究中的应用

人类的语言功能不仅仅基于以额叶、颞叶为代表的语言脑区灰质皮层的激活, 更重要的是基于这些脑区之间白质纤维束的连接。随着各种脑成像技术的逐渐成熟, 基于核磁共振的弥散张量成像技术在语言认知领域展现出越来越重要的作用。弥散张量成像在语言认知研究上的应用, 可以将其与行为测查、功能定位成像、功能连接、全脑网络等多种分析方法结合来共同研究语言认知, 进而从脑结构的角度来探究语言与脑的关系。     

Creativity of university students: What is the impact of field and year of study?

There is a long‐lasting dispute about development of students' creativity in the course of their university education. Both the duration and major field of study may represent the educational effects. To address the issue, the present study collected data (N = 859) from a series of surveys of students in Hong Kong to clarify educational effects by controlling a number of background characteristics and prior scores on creativity. Apart from measuring self‐reported creative traits and creative products, it measured divergent thinking with five tasks to elicit students' creative ideas, which led to scores of fluency, flexibility, novelty, innovativeness, and originality. Results indicate the trend of monotonic decline in creativity with years of study at university and the general superiority of verbal creativity among students of humanities and social sciences, whereas business students had the highest scores on self‐assessed creative traits and products.     

Perception of the most creative Chinese by undergraduates in Beijing,Guangzhou, Hong Kong,and Taipei

This study surveys 489 undergraduates in Beijing, Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Taipei about their nomination of most creative Chinese people in history and in modern times. Politicians were nominated by all four samples as being the most creative individuals in the past and at present. Scientists and inventors ranked second in position. Taken together, they occupy over 90 percent of the total number of nominations. Artists, musicians and businessmen are rarely nominated. More than half of the reasons given for nominating these people are not directly related to creativity. This finding is attributed to a strong utilitarian view of creativity that lies in Chinese young people's perception of creativity. They are much more concerned with a creator's social influence or contribution in society than with his or her innovativeness in thinking. The paper concludes by addressing some methodological implications for further studies on the issue.     

Effects of Novel Conceptual Combination on Creativity

Two experiments revealed that solving novel conceptual combination problems could enhance performance in a subsequent test of creativity. The evidence also showed that the beneficial effects of solving novel conceptual combination problems were mediated in part by the use of novel conceptual combination strategies. However, the positive effect of the novel conceptual combination training on divergent thinking was found only among males, probably because the creativity measure used in the experiment was biased against female participants. These findings were discussed in terms of their theoretical significance and implications for teaching creativity.     

信任修复：研究现状及挑战

信任被破坏后如何修复是当前信任研究中未解的问题之一。有效的信任修复应关注整个关系, 包括信任、消极情感和消极行为三方面的内容; 修复结果可能出现矛盾状态, 且在某些情况下无法被彻底修复。现有关于信任修复的理论过程主要有归因、社会平衡和结构, 其研究视角经历了从单方向交互作用的转换, 当前研究更关注修复策略与修复效果之间的调节变量。今后研究应重视归因、人际和结构过程的整合, 尝试结合现场跟踪研究和个案研究以提高结果的外部效度, 以及考虑时间、社会情景和情绪对信任修复的影响等。