小学生的品德不良行为及其心理与行为适应问题研究

运用测量法和问卷法,以某市357名小学生为对象,探讨了小学生的品德不良行为及其心理问题与行为适应性问题,并揭示了它们之间相互的关系。结果发现:小学生的品行不良、心理健康问题和行为适应问题都存在显著的年级差异,并受学习成绩的显著影响:成绩差的学生在这些问题上最严重;且品行不良和学习问题存在显著的性别差异;小学生的品德不良水平与许多心理问题之间存在显著相关;五年级是一个转折点:在品德不良行为和许多心理问题中都是高峰,随后开始下降。     

文本阅读过程中信息的协调性整合

采用移动窗口阅读技术探讨文本阅读中信息的协调性整合问题。被试为华南师范大学本科生120名。实验材料按照主 人公特征与其目标句行为的关系总体上分为一致与恢复一致两个版本,每个版本都有两个目标句,出现在不同位置。实验1主 要探讨阅读过程中背景信息的激活与协调性整合的性质与特点,实验2主要探讨阅读过程工作记忆中前后信息的协调性整合 问题。采用相关样本t检验分别对两个目标句的阅读时间进行统计分析,结果发现,无论是通过共振激活的背景信息,还是保留 在工作记忆的文本信息,如果与新进入的文本信息有局部的不协调,那么就会产生协调性整合,整合的结果不仅维持了文本的连 贯,而且将相关的信息建构成整体的信息块     

校园霸凌行为问卷的编制

目的:从贵州省青少年校园霸凌行为的实际出发,以大样本为基础,遵循心理测量学的方法编制《校园霸凌行为问卷》。方法:经理论建模、题库建设编制初测问卷,以3923名学生为被试进行项目分析和探索性因子分析; 以3899名被试进行信度检验及验证性因子分析,形成最终问卷。结果:问卷由7个一阶因子和2个二阶因子组成,共40个题项。问卷及各维度的内部一致性系数在0.7～0.927之间,重测信度在0.291～0.49之间,结构效度良好,与OBVQ-V和MBVS的相关分别为0.646和0.726。结论:本研究探索、发现并整合创新了反映当代校园霸凌治理难点的“恶整霸凌”; 问卷信效度良好,可作为国内青少年校园霸凌行为的有效测量工具。     

喻嘉言佛医思想初探

喻嘉言是清初三大名医之一 ,但他早年习儒 ,后又出家为僧 ,继又脱离僧团 ,四处云游 ,行医济世。在此之中 ,喻氏在继承中国医学传统的同时 ,坚持奉守佛门理论与戒律 ,留下了多本医学著作 ,形成了独具特色的佛医理论 ,付诸实践 ,活人不少 ,得到佳誉。喻氏的佛医思想一是对阴病诊治的突出。二是结合佛门明心见性之观念 ,而注重对病家的精神调养。三是以佛门素食原则为本的饮食和药饵之治则。     

Action Generalization Across Group Members: Action Efficiency Matters

Actions are usually generalized among social group members. Importantly, the efficiency of an action with respect to achieving an external target determines action understanding, and it may have different degrees of social relevance to social groups. Thus, this study explored the role of action efficiency in action generalization. We used computer animations to simulate actions in social groups initiated by visual action cues or category labels, and we measured differences in response times between identifying actions that were and were not consistent with group members, without explicit requirements regarding generalization. It was found that in both visually introduced and explicitly labeled social groups, when the group members acted inefficiently toward the external object, perceivers identified group-consistent actions faster than group-inconsistent actions, indicating that the exemplars' common inefficient actions are generalized to the unknown ingroup member, accordingly facilitating the identification of expected consistent inefficient action (Experiment 1). As this effect was not present when removing social group cues, it was determined to be specific to social groups (Experiment 2). Importantly, such generalization was not observed when the identical action was deemed efficient toward the external object (Experiment 3) and was specific to the demonstration of the action being completed by multiple group members rather than being repeated twice by one group member, supporting the group-based inference and ruling out the possibility of the increased memorability of inefficient actions leading to more generalization relative to efficient actions (Experiment 4). Therefore, the efficiency of an action bounds the generalization of the action across social group members through a process that is spontaneous and implicit. This constrained action generalization may be due to inefficient actions being represented as culture-specific conventional forms.     

《易经》与“心理分析”——重访爱诺思

作者以爱诺思的易经研究及富有特色的《周易》译本．作为一个例子,来反映《易经》对心理分析的彤响。     

签名对个体诚实度和道德感的影响

探讨签名的位置以及是否预告签名信息对个体诚实行为的影响, 同时探究不同承诺形式对个体道德行为的调节作用, 从而揭示签名对个体道德行为影响的机制。实验1比较不同签名的位置与是否预告签名信息两种条件下, 被试在有奖抛掷骰子的游戏中的诚实性表现。结果发现, 当游戏前告知需要签名时, 签名位置对被试的诚实行为没有显著影响; 而在游戏前不告知需要签名时, 上位签名的被试比下位签名的被试更倾向于做出诚实行为。实验2比较口头承诺方式与签名方式对个体诚实行为的影响, 结果发现, 口头承诺与上位签名均能促使个体做出诚实行为。结果表明, 签名对个体道德行为的影响, 是通过启动个体的自我认同感而实现的; 签名位置的效应, 实际上是由于启动的时段不同造成; 同时, 通过口头承诺的方式, 同样可以启动个体的自我认同感, 从而促进其实施道德行为。     

慢性疼痛与抑郁的心身医学整合观

生物医疗观对慢性疼痛患者的诊疗作用较差。慢性疼痛常因为心理应激、个性、行为和疾病状况而复杂化,增加了患者诊疗的难度。患者常因情感症状、生活压力,而失去信心,陷入无助地痛苦选择冲突中。应用一种系统的跨学科方法重建和保持医生的共情和患者的积极心理,采用疾病状态、生活经历、个性特征和行为模式的四种心身整合观点,综合评估抑郁和慢性疼痛患者。设计综合诊疗方案评定的痛苦作用,在方案制定的过程中认识到这四个观点彼此不同,相互补充,全面阐释影响患者痛苦的生物、心理和社会的多种原因。心身整合观点为设计合理的治疗方案提供了方法,提高了医生成功治疗慢性疼痛患者的可行性。     

颜色字词的识别真的无需注意力资源的参与?——来自Stroop范式的证据

3个实验采用颜色词、颜色词同音词以及颜色语义联想词作为启动词,使启动词的语义和颜色实现时空分离、启动词处于非空间注意焦点位置、降低启动词可视度的情境下,考察具有自动化加工特征的启动词是否受到注意力资源的制约以及启动词在获得不同数量的注意力资源时其自动化程度是否存在显著的差异。结果发现:(1)注意力资源实质性地决定着自动化加工能否顺利进行,具有自动激活特征的刺激在无法获得注意力资源时,自动化加工过程终止。(2)可用的注意力资源数量调控着自动化加工的效率和语义提取的效果,可用的注意力资源数量越多,对启动刺激的语义加工越完善,对目标刺激的促进效果也越有效。本研究结果支持注意力敏感模型关于自动化加工受认知系统的支持和配置才能完成的假设。     

Effects of Age and Location in Chinese Relative Clauses Processing

Three experiments investigated Chinese relative clause processing with children, youths and elders using sentence-picture matching and self-paced reading methods. In Experiment 1, we found that object-extracted clause were easier to comprehend than subject-extracted clause , and object-modified relative clause (i.e., object-modified subject-extracted clause\(\backslash \)object-modified object-extracted clause) were difficult to comprehend than subject modified relative clause (subject-modified subject-extracted clause\(\backslash \)subject-modified object-extracted clause). Importantly, this paper also found 5–6.5 ages may be critical for children to comprehend RCs in Chinese. Experiment 2 also showed that S-ORCs were easier to comprehend than S-SRCs for youths and elders. Further, elders have more difficulty comprehending RCs than youths. Experiment 3 indicated that there were no significant differences in difficulty between O-SRCs and O-ORCs, and no differences were found between youths and elders. In general, our findings gave support to predictions of working memory-based theory, and also indicated that RCs processing has an intricate course. Many factors such as syntactic, language specificity, experience, personality, must all be considered in sentence processing.