Parametrically Dissociating Speech and Nonspeech Perception in the Brain Using fMRI

Candidate brain regions constituting a neural network for preattentive phonetic perception were identified with fMRI and multivariate multiple regression of imaging data. Stimuli contrasted along speech/nonspeech, acoustic, or phonetic complexity (three levels each) and natural/synthetic dimensions. Seven distributed brain regions' activity correlated with speech and speech complexity dimensions, including five left-sided foci [posterior superior temporal gyrus (STG), angular gyrus, ventral occipitotemporal cortex, inferior/posterior supramarginal gyrus, and middle frontal gyrus (MFG)] and two right-sided foci (posterior STG and anterior insula). Only the left MFG discriminated natural and synthetic speech. The data also supported a parallel rather than serial model of auditory speech and nonspeech perception.     

发展性计算障碍儿童的数认知

发展性计算障碍作为一种特异性学习障碍,影响儿童的数学成就与数学学习观念,因而引起了多学科研究的关注和重视。文章分析了发展性计算障碍领域在数认知方面的已有研究,揭示了发展性计算障碍的数认知缺陷及内部差异,从一般认知加工障碍与数字加工模块障碍两个角度阐述了发展性计算障碍的可能成因,最后对当前研究进行了小结与展望,认为数认知缺陷的复杂关系、亚类型特征、成因之间的相互作用与机制还需进一步研究     

印象整饰对强迫服从后态度改变的影响

以194名大学生为被试,采用实验室实验法和利克特型态度量表,对Festinger和Carlsmith“强迫服从的认知性后果”实验进行了验证研究,并对个体印象整饰水平—自我监控力的差异对强迫服从后的态度中庸现象的影响作用进行了实验研究。结果表明：（1）自我监控性高低极端组在强迫服从后的态度得分不支持Festinger等实验的结果;（2）个体的印象整饰水平的差异对强迫服从中出现的态度中庸现象有显著影响作用。仅从个体内在的心理因素来解释复杂的社会行为是不够的,我们既要考虑个体自身的因素也要考虑外在环境的作用     

儿童运用归纳法概括句组内词语能力的实验研究

本研究的目的是探讨儿童概括词语能力的发展问题。实验材料是9组分别有一、二或三个词语(“因素”)的句子,要求被试概括这些句组。被试是9至12岁以及8.5岁的小学生,每个年龄组有30人,共计150名小学生。 实验结果表明:儿童概括词语能力的发展并不与年龄的增长完全一致,在速度和等级方面其发展是不同的。在8.5-9岁以及11-12岁两个年龄组间差异是显著的,而在其他的年龄组,这种能力的发展是缓慢的。每个年龄组概括的广度也是不同的。     

Matrix derivatives and its applications in statistics

The scalar values of differentials rather than symbolic derivatives are treated here. This approach simplifies the differential calculus in statistics because, often, the linear representations of differentials in statistics (1) are complicated, (2) depend on the bases used, (3) can be obtained by the scalar values on elements of a given basis, and (4) are not necessary for many problems of finding maxima and minima. Among others, a product rule is obtained in a very general and simple form. The results are applied to certain problems in multivariate statistical analysis that are useful to psychology and other behavioral sciences.     

关于健康社会性格的跨文化研究

社会性格作为国民素质的重要组成,其健康程度将直接影响精神文明建设的成效。本研究发现,当代人健康社会性格体系由五个因素构成,分别是：进取心、道德感、安定感、领导性与家庭性,为进一步深入探究,本研究采用跨文化方式,将日韩、欧美的参照样本与当代中国人进行比较研究,发现性别与国别因素对于五个因素中的若干项具有显著性影响,体现出跨文化差异性。本研究对于成功塑造跨世纪中国人健康社会性格将具有积极的理论与实践意义。     

社会心理学视角下权力理论的发展与比较

权力作为人类社会的基本特征之一, 一直受到社会心理学家的关注, 实证研究成果丰硕, 理论构建也日益完善。首先, 权力从结构变量发展为心理变量, 有外显、内隐之分, 控制感是其核心要素。其次, 社会心理学领域最具代表性的3个权力理论为“接近-抑制理论”、“情境聚焦理论”和“社会距离理论”, 它们的理论基础各异, 关注的现象却存在交集。最后, 未来的权力研究可以从以下3个方向改进：(1)关注文化、动机、自我卷入等因素; (2)区别社会权力和个人权力; (3)融合各领域观点; (4)丰富研究方法, 以促进理论的发展。     

民主的危机与合法性的重建--哈贝马斯对民主的思考

引言随着冷战时代的终结,自由主义在全球范围内获得了压倒性胜利,但国际间的冲突和西方国家内部存在的种种危机并未因此得以消弭,反而更加引人注目了。几乎在福山抛出颇为乐观的“历史终结论”的同时,亨廷顿的“文明冲突论”即尾随而至,给后冷战时代的国际关系蒙上了一层阴影。就西方自由主义国家的民主实践而言,盛行于上个世纪60年代风起云涌的激进民主浪潮挑战了自由主义对民主的规范理解,也显示了西方国家政治系统的危机,这刺激了西方思想家对民主问题的深层思考。在《公民与国家之间的距离》一文中,查尔斯·泰勒忧虑当代西方民主国家的…     

Spatial Correspondence Learning is Critical for the Sequence Effects of Symbolic Cueing

Attention orienting has been found to be influenced by the previous cueing status in a spatial cueing paradigm. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the cue predictive values or the spatial correspondence learning between cues and targets could influence the sequence effect of symbolic cueing. The findings revealed that the predictive values of arrow or word cues do not lead to different sequence effects, but that visually asymmetrical letter cues, which allow spatial correspondence learning between cues and targets, induce stronger sequence effects than visually symmetrical letter cues. In addition, visually symmetrical directional word cues can induce sequence effects. The results suggest that spatial correspondence learning, although not obligatory, is critical for the sequence effects of symbolic cueing. The findings support the feature‐integration hypothesis, rather than the strategic adjustments account.     

ERP Evidence for the Activation of Syntactic Structure During Comprehension of Lexical Idiom

The present study used event-related potentials to investigate whether the syntactic structure was activated in the comprehension of lexical idioms, and if so, whether it varied as a function of familiarity and semantic transparency. Participants were asked to passively read the “1+2” structural Chinese lexical idioms with each being presented following 3–5 contextual “1+2” (congruent-structure condition) or “2+1” structural Chinese phrases (incongruent-structure condition). The N400 ERP responses showed more positivity in congruent-structure condition relative to incongruent-structure condition in idioms with high familiarity and high semantic transparency, but less positivity in congruent-structure condition in idioms with high familiarity but low semantic transparency, idioms with low familiarity but high semantic transparency, and idioms with low familiarity and low semantic transparency. Our results suggest that syntactic structure, as the unnecessarity of lexical idiomatic words, was nevertheless activated, independent of familiarity and semantic transparency.