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121.
Lindsay L. Miller Hanna C. Gustafsson Jessica Tipsord Minkyoung Song Elizabeth Nousen Nathan Dieckmann Joel T. Nigg 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2018,46(5):951-963
It has been unclear whether an associations of child ADHD with socio-economic disadvantage (SES) could be accounted for by (a) parental ADHD explaining both low SES and child ADHD, and/or (b) the joint overlap of ODD or CD with low SES and ADHD. Study 1 used a community-recruited case-control sample with detailed evaluation of SES indicators, child ADHD, child externalizing, and parent ADHD symptoms (n = 931 children, 521 ADHD, 577 boys, 354 girls) in a path modeling analysis with latent variables. Study 2 evaluated ADHD and externalizing behavior in a regression model using a poverty index for SES, in 70,927 children (48.2% female) aged 5–17 years from the US 2011–2012 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH). In Study 1, lower SES was related to the ADHD latent variable, β = ?.18, p < .001; 95%CI [?.25,-.12]. This effect held when parent ADHD and child ODD and CD were in the model, β = ?.11, p < .01, 95% CI [?.09,-.03], equivalent to OR = 1.50, 95% CI[1.12–2.04]). In Study 2, these results replicated. Adjusting only for age and sex, children from families who were below 200% of the federal poverty line were more likely to have moderate or severe ADHD than no ADHD, versus children above that line, OR = 2.13, 95% CI[1.79,2.54], p < .001. The effect held after adjusting for disruptive/externalizing problems, OR = 1.61, p < .01, 95%CI [1.32,1.96]. The effect size for comparable models was similar across both studies, lending higher confidence to the results. It is concluded that the SES association with child ADHD is not explained by artifact and requires a mechanistic explanation. 相似文献
122.
Reach tracking reveals dissociable processes underlying inhibitory control in 5‐ to 10‐year‐olds and adults 下载免费PDF全文
Researchers have proposed that two processes featuring distinct types of inhibition support inhibitory control: a response threshold adjustment process involving the global inhibition of motor output and a conflict resolution process involving competitive inhibition among co‐active response alternatives. To target the development of these processes, we measured the reaching behavior of 5‐ to 10‐year‐olds (Experiment 1) and adults (Experiment 2) as they performed an Eriksen flanker task. This method provided two key measures: initiation time (the time elapsed between stimulus onset and movement onset) and reach curvature (the degree to which a movement deviates from a direct path to the selected target). We suggest that initiation time reflects the response threshold adjustment process by indexing the degree of motoric stopping experienced before a movement is started, while reach curvature reflects the conflict resolution process by indexing the degree of co‐activation between response alternatives over the course of a movement. Our results support this claim, revealing different patterns effects in initiation time and curvature, and divergent developmental trajectories between childhood and adulthood. These findings provide behavioral evidence for the dissociation between global and competitive inhibition, and offer new insight into the development of inhibitory control. 相似文献
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Vocabulary growth rate from preschool to school‐age years is reflected in the connectivity of the arcuate fasciculus in 14‐year‐old children 下载免费PDF全文
Mengmeng Su Michel Thiebaut de Schotten Jingjing Zhao Shuang Song Wei Zhou Gaolang Gong Catherine McBride Franck Ramus Hua Shu 《Developmental science》2018,21(5)
The acquisition of language involves the functional specialization of several cortical regions. Connectivity between these brain regions may also change with the development of language. Various studies have demonstrated that the arcuate fasciculus was essential for language function. Vocabulary learning is one of the most important skills in language acquisition. In the present longitudinal study, we explored the influence of vocabulary development on the anatomical properties of the arcuate fasciculus. Seventy‐nine Chinese children participated in this study. Between age 4 and age 10, they were administered the same vocabulary task repeatedly. Following a previous study, children's vocabulary developmental trajectories were clustered into three subgroups (consistently good, catch‐up, consistently poor). At age 14, diffusion tensor imaging data were collected. Using ROI‐based tractography, the anterior, posterior and direct segments of the bilateral arcuate fasciculus were delineated in each child's native space. Group comparisons showed a significantly reduced fractional anisotropy in the left arcuate fasciculus of children in the consistently poor group, in particular in the posterior and direct segments of the arcuate fasciculus. No group differences were observed in the right hemisphere, nor in the left anterior segment. Further regression analyses showed that the rate of vocabulary development, rather than the initial vocabulary size, was a specific predictor of the left arcuate fasciculus connectivity. 相似文献
124.
Based on the adaptive lie detector theory, this study is an examination of whether taking an oath, as context‐general information, increases the credibility of a suspect. The consistency of the testimonies of 6 eyewitnesses was manipulated so that it could be used as individuating information. There were 2 sets of testimonies: one that was consistent and one that was inconsistent. The results supported the adaptive lie detector theory. The participants judged those persons who took an oath to be more credible than those who did not, but this only happened in situations where the testimonies of the eyewitnesses were inconsistent. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings and future directions are then discussed. 相似文献
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以高中二年级学生为被试,探讨文理分科、不同认知方式的学生对不同体裁文章及对文章不同信息加工层次的学习效果的影响。结果表明,(1)文理分科、学生认知方式对学生阅读成绩的影响不显著;(2)从总体上看,学生对不同体裁的文章学习效果不同,对说明文的学习明显优于对散文的学习;在文章不同信息的加工层次上,学生对细节的记忆优于对结构的把握;(3)对于不同体裁的文章,学生在信息加工层次上存在差异,对散文的细节记忆好于对结构的把握,对说明文的结构把握好于对细节的记忆。 相似文献
127.
平面几何图形内隐学习的优势效应 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在人工语法范式下,以平面几何图形为材料。探讨平面几何图形内隐和外显学习的特点,并增设性别变量以了解内隐和外显学习的性别差异。以108名在校大学生为被试,分内隐和外显学习组,每组男女各半。结果表明:1、指导语上不存在主效应,即平面几何图形内隐学习存在优势效应。2、性别变量不存在主效应,即男女在学习能力上性别差异不显著。3、单元变量上存在主效应,单元二的成绩好于单元一。实验结果再次证明了内隐学习优势效应的普遍存在。 相似文献
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