危及生命的慢性疾病应对中的积极心理效应:证据、质疑与建议

危及生命的慢性疾病指病程长、治愈难、治疗周期长、严重情况下会危及生命且严重影响患者及其家属正常生活的疾病.研究发现,乐观、抗争勇气、心理一致感、受益发现和创伤后成长等积极心理因素在危及生命的慢性疾病应对过程中能产生积极效果,并证实积极心理通过生物加工、行为加工、社会加工三条路径促进患者对疾病的应对.对疾病态度或感知进行干预以及直接诱发积极心理等干预方法能对疾病康复产生良好的效果.对该领域研究的质疑主要包括研究方法的科学性以及积极心理和疾病应对间因果关系的明确程度两个方面.针对质疑,未来研究应以实验法为主导并结合其它方法,进一步探讨积极心理与疾病应对和康复之间的因果关系.     

O rem 自护理论消除帕金森退化反应的应用前景

由于帕金森的发病率逐年上升,并对患者生理、心理、社会等方面造成影响,本文对国内外O rem自护理论消除退化反应的相关文献以及在帕金森疾病中的应用前景进行报道。使用检索电子数据库以及查阅期刊文献。结果发现随着疾病的进展,帕金森会诱发机体一系列的退化反应,这严重影响了患者的生理、心理以及生活质量。大量文献报道了O rem自护理论在消除高血压、糖尿病等慢性疾病退化反应中的应用,但很少文献提及O rem自护理论在消除帕金森退化反应中的应用。笔者认为O rem自护理论有望在消除帕金森退化反应中应用。     

ERP characteristics of sentential inductive reasoning in time and frequency domains

Earlier studies have examined the issues of brain spatial localization in human sentential inductive reasoning using PET/fMRI. However, the temporal characteristics of such reasoning remain unclear. In our present study, we have used ERP (Event-related Potential) to further study human inductive reasoning involving sentential tasks. For congruent induction tasks, in which premises and conclusions are related, participants need to synthesize semantic information from the premises, conclusions, as well as background knowledge, while for incongruent induction tasks (baseline), in which premises and conclusions are unrelated, participants can respond “no” immediately. Behavioral data have been obtained that is consistent with expectations. ERPs imply that participants may integrate semantic information within the time window of 350–650 ms. Statistical analysis in the frequency domain has revealed a significant increase in the power of the gamma band (30–50 Hz) for congruent induction tasks in contrast to incongruent induction tasks.     

不确定感管理模型视角下的死亡凸显效应:争论与整合

死亡凸显效应(mortality salience effect)是恐惧管理理论(terror management theory,TMT)中一个最重要的假设,它认为与死亡有关的想法会加强个体的世界观防御。不确定感管理模型(uncertainty management model)对死亡凸显效应做出了新的解释,指出以往的研究忽视了个体的不确定感对防御行为的影响。将这种理论和TMT进行了整合与探讨,可以认为死亡凸显对个体具有双重影响,个体在思考自己的死亡后会启动双重防御体系。未来的研究,应该关注各种防御方式互相影响的关系等。     

Syntactic priming in Chinese sentence comprehension: Evidence from Event-Related Potentials

Using the event-related potential (ERP) technique, this study examined the nature of syntactic priming effects in Chinese. Participants were required to read prime-target sentence pairs each embedding an ambiguous relative clause (RC) containing either the same verb or a synonymous verb. In Chinese, the word de serves as a relative clause marker. During reading a potential Chinese RC structure (either the prime or the target sentence), Chinese readers initially expect to read an Subject–Verb–Object (SVO) structure but the encounter of a relative clause marker de would make readers abandon the initial strategy and reanalyze the structure as a relative clause. A reduced P600 effect was elicited by the critical word de in the target sentence containing the same initial verb as in the prime sentence. No significant reduction of the P600 was observed in the target sentences in the synonymous condition. The results demonstrated that verb repetition but not similarity in meaning produced a syntactic priming effect in Chinese. The constraint-based lexicalist hypothesis and the argument structure theory were adopted to explain the syntactic priming effect obtained in the current study.     

元分析价值的置信区间表示

通过统计模拟的数据分析发现:当以置信区间表示研究结果时,元分析的价值简单地表现为置信区间宽度的减小。在统计推断方面,这种区间宽度的减小会使得元分析能够通过降低样本观察值落在中间模糊区域的概率而提高检验效力;在效应估计方面,这种区间宽度的减小能够稳定地反映由元分析而促成的效应估计精度的增加。研究还揭示:当以置信区间表示研究结果时,元分析和单项研究在逻辑上是连贯的。     

高考数学试卷多维项目反应理论的分析及应用

高考数学学科试卷的试题综合性较强,一道试题通常考查多种能力属性,而基于单维性假设下的经典测量理论和传统的项目反应理论无法完成该种情形下试卷测量性能分析和考生作答表现分析.本文以MIRT理论为基础,使用CONQUEST软件为工具进行分析,可以获得试卷内部不同能力维度之间的相关以及考生不同维度的能力参数,为提升命题质量和改进教学提供了依据,表明MIRT具有很好的应用前景.由于MIRT理论的复杂性以至于目前分析软件的不足制约其进一步的深入应用,这是今后应该深入研究的问题.     

Refining the two‐parameter testlet response model by introducing testlet discrimination parameters

For testlet response data, traditional item response theory (IRT) models are often not appropriate due to local dependence presented among items within a common testlet. Several testlet‐based IRT models have been developed to model examinees' responses. In this paper, a new two‐parameter normal ogive testlet response theory (2PNOTRT) model for dichotomous items is proposed by introducing testlet discrimination parameters. A Bayesian model parameter estimation approach via a data augmentation scheme is developed. Simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed 2PNOTRT model. The results indicated that the estimation of item parameters is satisfactory overall from the viewpoint of convergence. Finally, the proposed 2PNOTRT model is applied to a set of real testlet data.     

Definability and the Structure of Logical Paradoxes

Graham Priest 2002 argues that all logical paradoxes that include set-theoretic paradoxes and semantic paradoxes share a common structure, the Inclosure Schema, so they should be treated as one family. Through a discussion of Berry's Paradox and the semantic notion ‘definable’, I argue that (i) the Inclosure Schema is not fine-grained enough to capture the essential features of semantic paradoxes, and (ii) the traditional separation of the two groups of logical paradoxes should be retained.     

对心血管病临床强化治疗的质疑

强化治疗是最近几年反复提到的话题。很多临床试验研究各种强化治疗对心血管疾病预后的影响,但结果显示强化治疗并未能带来更多的益处,甚至有害。因此我们必须理性地看待这些所谓的强化治疗。更应该倾向于个体化治疗、综合治疗,包括控制各种危险因素,改善生活的方式。把治疗的眼光放到疾病发生的早期,早治疗,以求更多获益。