Two facets of self-knowledge: cross-cultural development of measures in Iran and the United States

Self-knowledge is an ideal not only within psychological theory and practice but also within the religious and philosophical foundations of many cultures. In 6 studies conducted in Iran and the United States, the authors sought to construct and to validate scales for measuring two facets of self-knowledge. Experiential self-knowledge was defined as an ongoing sensitivity to the self in the present. Reflective self-knowledge was described in terms of personal efforts to integrate experience within self-schemas developed in the past. Thirteen-item experiential self-knowledge and reflective self-knowledge scales were created by the authors using samples of Iranian and American university students. A confirmatory factor analysis verified this 2-factor structure in a second study, and these results were replicated in a 3rd study. Correlations with a broad array of self-report variables established the two scales as valid measures of adjustment. Both displayed adequate test-retest reliability. Correlations with peer reports suggested that the two factors had behavioral implications in both cultures. Reflective self-knowledge proved to be as important as educational abilities in predicting the academic performance of Americans who were motivated to attend class. Experiential self-knowledge and reflective self-knowledge also interacted to predict better grades. In short, the experiential self-knowledge and reflective self-knowledge scales operationalized cross-cultural personality processes that deserve additional research attention.     

成就目标定向在学业自我概念与学业成绩关系中的调节作用:基于内/外参照模型

为了探究成就目标定向在学业自我概念与学业成绩关系中的调节作用,采用语文学业自我概念量表、数学学业自我概念量表和成就目标定向量表对1515名初中生进行测查。结果显示：(1)初中生语文-数学学业自我概念建构过程符合内/外参照模型(Internal/External Frame of Reference Model, I/EM);(2)掌握回避对I/EM的维度比较路径存在调节作用,掌握回避得分越高越易受维度比较效应的影响,该现象对于语文成绩和数学成绩相对差的学生更明显;(3)成绩回避对I/EM的社会比较路径存在调节作用,成绩回避得分越高越不易受社会比较效应的影响,该现象对于语文成绩和数学成绩相对好的学生更明显。本研究揭示了持有不同成就目标定向的初中生在学业自我概念建构过程中的差异,对引导初中生建构积极学业自我概念具有重要启示。     

Openness and Job Performance in U.S.-Based Japanese Manufacturing Companies

The current study examined one possible explanation for the lack of stability found to date in the relationship between Openness to Experience, a second-order Big Five personality factor, and job performance. An organizational setting and geographic locale were chosen, a priori, to reflect a condition that would increase the potential for openness to serve as an advantageous personality disposition for job performance. Consequently, we studied job performance and openness among inhabitants of the southeast employed in U.S.-based Japanese manufacturing companies. A step-wise hierarchical regression analysis revealed that openness predicted unique variance in job performance for these employees above and beyond both cognitive aptitude, and the other four personality dimensions of the Big Five. Explanations for the finding and its implications on the study of personality-job performance linkages are discussed.     

“追名弃利”：权力动机与社会存在对亲社会行为的影响

目前关于权力动机的研究主要关注权力动机的阴暗面, 但是对权力动机的积极面尚不清楚。本研究从公平与合作行为的角度出发, 分别采用最后通牒博弈和公共物品博弈任务, 探讨不同权力动机水平个体在内隐(眼睛线索)或外显(他人在场)社会存在下的亲社会行为是否不同。结果发现, 在眼睛线索或他人在场条件下, 相对于低权力动机者, 高权力动机者表现出更高的公平与合作水平。然而当没有社会存在线索时, 高低权力动机者的亲社会行为没有显著差异。结果提示高权力动机者出于名誉和地位的策略考虑, 也会表现出积极的亲社会行为。     

差异与和谐社会建构

和谐社会是差异基础上的和谐,它追求人与自然之间、人与人之间的差异与和谐。实现和谐社会要从质和量上把握好差异的历史、现实发展,从而使差异张力保持在有利于和谐社会建构的范围之内。     

应激环境下亲社会性的增加：来自不同类型的亲社会偏好的研究证据

人们面临对生理或者心理产生威胁的应激事件时并不一定表现出敌意和攻击,也可能表现出更强的亲社会性。研究发现,基于利他动机、规则动机、策略性动机的或者基于自我报告的亲社会偏好在应激环境下都可能增强,这可能和应激环境下直觉增强、共情提升和亲社会行为有助于改善负面情绪方面的机制有关。未来研究可以从应激的性质、诱发方式、影响机制、个体差异和发展特征等方面去理解应激增加亲社会性的条件,从而提高群体韧性。     

句法歧义句理解加工中的语义关联性效应研究

通过实验探讨了汉语直接宾语(DO)/宾语小句(SC)类暂时句法歧义句理解加工中的语义关联性效应。实验采用自定速动窗技术。实验1发现在汉语暂时句法歧义句理解加工中存在语义关联性效应。实验2发现语义关联性与句法歧义性因素在解歧区产生了显著的交互作用。结果表明,语义关联性因素显著影响对句子的理解加工,并且与句法歧义因素共同作用于句子的理解加工过程。     

超氧化物歧化酶与疾病关系的探讨

超氧化物歧化酶（supemxide dismutase,SOD）是避免细胞损害的一种重要的抗氧化酶。对近年来有关SOD与疾病关系的研究进行分析整理后,认为SOD含量随病情的发展而变化,动态监测对判断病情及观察疗效有一定的指导作用。在慢性病的病程发展中,联合检测SOD、NO和MDA更有价值。     

整体语境和局部语境对代词理解的影响

通过眼动实验,考察了语篇理解中整体语境和局部语境对代词理解的影响。实验一是预备实验,发现名词与动词词组之间关系的典型性不同,整合的速度也不一样。实验二发现,代词的理解不是一次完成的,代词理解的初期受整体语境的语义偏向影响,而不受局部语境的影响。在第二阶段主要受到局部语境的影响。代词的理解过程比较符合Cook（2004）所提出的两阶段模型     

略论孔子人口伦理思想

在孔子的思想体系中,蕴涵着丰富的人口伦理思想,他强调人与人之间关系的和谐,人口数量与外部关系的协调,主张尊重同类,重民爱民,提倡有教无类,崇尚德智,宣扬重视孝道,热爱家国,这些直到今天仍具有积极的意义。因此,我们要正确评价孔子的人口伦理思想,批判地加以继承,为全面建设小康社会,推进现代化建设服务。