Cue effectiveness in communicatively efficient discourse production

Recent years have seen a surge in accounts motivated by information theory that consider language production to be partially driven by a preference for communicative efficiency. Evidence from discourse production (i.e., production beyond the sentence level) has been argued to suggest that speakers distribute information across discourse so as to hold the conditional per-word entropy associated with each word constant, which would facilitate efficient information transfer (Genzel & Charniak, 2002). This hypothesis implies that the conditional (contextualized) probabilities of linguistic units affect speakers' preferences during production. Here, we extend this work in two ways. First, we explore how preceding cues are integrated into contextualized probabilities, a question which so far has received little to no attention. Specifically, we investigate how a cue's maximal informativity about upcoming words (the cue's effectiveness) decays as a function of the cue's recency. Based on properties of linguistic discourses as well as properties of human memory, we analytically derive a model of cue effectiveness decay and evaluate it against cross-linguistic data from 12 languages. Second, we relate the information theoretic accounts of discourse production to well-established mechanistic (activation-based) accounts: We relate contextualized probability distributions over words to their relative activation in a lexical network given preceding discourse.     

情绪、刺激呈现方式对现实性监控的影响

以往的来源记忆研究大多以词汇和图形等为实验材料,意义丰富的声音材料尚未涉及.本实验采用中国情感数据声音系统的声音为材料,分析了情绪效价、编码和测验阶段的刺激呈现方式等对区分听觉和想象两种不同来源的现实性监控的影响.实验含编码和测验两阶段,编码任务是听声音或根据提供的文字想象声音,并判断刺激的情绪效价;测验阶段则要求被试听声音或根据文字想象声音,并做出“听过”、“想象过”或“新项目”的三项选择判断.结果显示,想象刺激低于听觉形式获得刺激的提取成绩;情绪效价显著影响听过项目的提取绩效;编码与测验刺激呈现方式匹配条件的来源监控成绩较高;恐惧刺激的判断快于厌恶刺激.上述结果表明:内部来源与外部来源提取是两种不同的活动,情绪效价对区分上述两种任务的现实性监控具有调节作用,编码与提取刺激呈现方式匹配与否对提取结果的影响明显,恐惧刺激的加工相对优先.     

加工焦点性和任务负荷对不同认知方式大学生前瞻记忆的影响

采用双任务范式,探讨了加工焦点性和进行中任务负荷对不同认知方式大学生前瞻记忆的影响。包括两个实验:实验一探讨进行中任务与前瞻记忆任务加工的焦点性和加工类型的一致性对不同认知方式大学生前瞻记忆的影响;实验二探讨进行中任务负荷对不同认知方式大学生在在焦点加工和非焦点加工条件下前瞻记忆的影响。结果显示:焦点加工条件下的前瞻记忆成绩高于非焦点加工,且不受进行中任务负荷的影响;不管进行中任务与前瞻记忆任务的加工类型是否一致,在进行中任务负荷较高且非焦点加工条件下,场独立大学生的前瞻记忆成绩高于场依存大学生。本研究结果支持多重加工理论。     

大学生社交网站使用与依赖:积极自我呈现的中介效应与关系型自我构念的调节效应

采用问卷法对658名具有社交网站使用经验的大学生进行调查,考察大学生社交网站使用与依赖的关系、积极自我呈现的中介作用以及关系型自我构念的调节作用。结果发现：（1）社交网站使用能显著正向地预测大学生社交网站依赖;（2）积极自我呈现在社交网站使用与依赖的关系中起部分中介作用;（3）积极自我呈现的中介作用受到关系型自我构念的调节。具体来说,相对于高关系型自我构念的大学生,低关系型自我构念大学生的社交网站使用更多地通过积极自我呈现影响其社交网站依赖。     

抗抑郁药应用选择的思考

目前市场上可供选择的抗抑郁药越来越多.从系统方法论、医学模式转变和矛盾重点论的角度来阐述临床上应该如何选择用药,才能使治疗效果和医疗费用更符合个体的情况,达到比较和谐的状态.     

观点采择对高中教师共情反应的影响:共情倾向的中介作用

为了探讨观点采择与共情倾向对高中教师共情反应的影响,164名高中教师完成了人际反应指数量表,并在三种不同的观点采择指导语下完成共情反应问卷。结果表明:(1)观点采择通过指导语操作检验有效;(2)情感观点采择下的共情反应显著高于认知观点采择下的共情反应;认知观点采择下的共情反应显著高于技术观点采择下的共情反应;(3)情感观点采择通过共情倾向的部分中介作用对共情反应产生影响,认知观点采择通过共情倾向的完全中介作用对共情反应产生影响。     

Cocaine-induced brainstem seizures and behavior.

A variety of abnormal sensory/motor behaviors associated with electrical discharges recorded from the bilateral brainstem were induced in adult WKY rats by mechanical (electrode implants) and DC electrical current stimulations and by acute and chronic administration of cocaine. The electrode implant implicated one side or the other of the reticular system of the brainstem but subjects were not incapacitated by the stimulations. Cocaine (40 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously for an acute experiment and subsequent 20 mg/kg doses twice daily for 3 days in a chronic study. Cocaine generated more abnormal behaviors in the brainstem perturbation group, especially the electrically perturbated subjects. The abnormal behaviors were yawning, retrocollis, hyperactivity, hypersensitivity, "beating drum" behavior, squealing, head bobbing, circling, sniffing, abnormal posturing, and facial twitching. Shifts in the power frequency spectra of the discharge patterns were noted between quiet and pacing behavioral states. Hypersensitivity to various auditory, tactile, and visual stimulation was present and shifts in the brainstem ambient power spectral frequency occurred in response to tactile stimulation. These findings suggest that the brainstem generates and propagates pathological discharges that can be elicited by mechanical and DC electrical perturbation. Cocaine was found to activate the discharge system and thus induce abnormal behaviors that are generated at the discharge site and at distant sites to which the discharge propagates. Cognitive functions may also be involved since dopaminergic and serotonergic cellular elements at the brainstem level are also implicated.     

自我责任归因与推断的心理结构与特征

基于日常经验取向,运用问卷调查的方法,探索自我责任归因与推断的心理结构及其基本特征。对382名被试问卷调查的统计分析结果显示：（1）自我责任归因与推断结构是一种一元单向决定模式,即“责任推断→责任情感→责任行为”。（2）个体倾向于较多地将挫折或失败的原因归咎于可控起因,而较少归因于不可控起因。（3）个体在进行自我责任推断时,可控性程度仅对责任的大小构成影响,并不影响对是否承担责任的推断。（4）在自身应为挫折或失败承担责任时,个体在情感体验上较多自我责备,较少自我同情;在行为反应上,较多积极应对,较少甚至不大会消极应对。     

刻板印象威胁效应研究回顾与展望

刻板印象威胁是个体经历的一种风险,处于该风险中的个体担心自己会验证所属群体的消极刻板印象。刻板印象威胁会导致个体行为上的表现下降和心理上的分离与不认同。同时,刻板印象威胁效应也会受领域认同、群体认同和自我等因素的影响。心理机制方面,已由焦虑、唤醒等单一机制研究转向了多威胁线索加工模型、综合过程模型的探讨。研究发现,刻板印象威胁可以采用重塑任务与建立认同安全环境等手段进行应对。未来研究将集中于心理后果的研究、不同类型威胁的后继研究、现场研究及本土化研究。     

基本医疗卫生改革的政治伦理、市场逻辑与未来走向

基本医疗卫生改革是当前实现“2030健康中国”和新时代下践行人民健康优先战略的一项制度创新。然而,现实中改革仍面临医疗资源配置不均和医疗服务供给效率不高的双重困境。本质上,医疗服务具有公利性与私利性二元属性,进而延伸出立足于公利性属性,基本医疗卫生改革应当坚守“人人公平享有”的政治伦理,鉴于私利性属性改革需要维护医疗市场主体合法逐利的正当权利,政府公利性创造与市场私利驱动是辩证性的哲学思考。我国医改未来应以公民健康与福祉共享为价值依归,始终坚持政府严守底线、市场有序竞争、社会和谐稳定的发展主线。