The functional role of alternation advantage in the sequence effect of symbolic cueing with nonpredictive arrow cues

Previous studies have shown that attention orienting is influenced by the orienting processes of previous trials in a spatial-cueing paradigm. This sequence effect is due to the fact that performance is facilitated when cue validity (valid or invalid) repeats between trials. In this study, we investigated the influences of cue direction and target location on the sequence effect of symbolic cueing with a nonpredictive central arrow cue. The cue direction was manipulated to always point in a certain direction in one condition, and to always point in the opposite direction in a second condition. The results showed that sequence effects were enhanced by the alternation of cue direction and target location and were impaired by the repetition of cue direction and target location. The same result pattern was found when the cue direction was chosen randomly in the third condition. The results suggested that both the repetition advantage effect of cue validity and the alternation advantage effect of cue direction and target location are involved in the sequence effect within the symbolic-cueing paradigm.     

With or without a hole: young infants' sensitivity for topological versus geometric property

Evidence from adult psychophysics, brain imaging, and honeybee's behaviour has been reported to support the notion that topological properties are the primitives of visual representation (Chen, 1982 Science 218 699-700). Here, we ask how the sensitivity to topological property might originate during development. Specifically, we tested 1.5- to 6-month-old infants' visual sensitivity for topological versus geometric properties with the forced-choice novelty preference technique. A disk and a ring were used in the topologically different condition (experiment 1), while a disk and a triangle were used in the geometrically different condition (experiment 2). Spontaneous preferences for the disk, the ring, and the triangle were measured pairwise using the preferential looking-time technique (experiment 3). The results showed that infants could reliably discriminate stimuli based on topological differences, but failed to do so with geometric differences. Moreover, in the generalisation task, infants showed higher novelty preference for the topologically different figure (the ring). In addition, the results of both experiments cannot be attributed to a spontaneous preference for the ring or for the disk. Further analysis on individual infants' age and performance revealed two distinct developmental trends. Infants seem to be sensitive to topological differences as young as 1.5 months, while their ability to discriminate geometric differences was at chance before 3 months and gradually improved with age. Taken together, our findings suggested an early sensitivity for topological property, at least for the detection of stimuli with or without a hole.     

基于基尼系数与洛伦茨曲线的辽宁卫生资源公平性分析

采用基尼系教与洛伦茨曲线,按人口分布和地理分布对辽宁省卫生资源的公平性进行分析评价,评价指标包括医院(卫生院)床位数、卫生总人员数、卫生技术人员数、医师数和护士(师)数等五项.评价结果显示,辽宁卫生资源配置的总体公平性较好,但部分指标的公平性较差,按人口分布公平性优于按地理分布公平性.     

关于我国医患会话研究的思考

医患会话分析是一种尊重语言事实的社会学实证研究方法.我国研究者主要从医患会话的语言结构组合特点和基本特征;医患合作模式、特点和原则以及医患会话信息传递方式等方面进行了分析.目前研究中存在语料的覆盖面、典型性不够,分析语言现象与本质的逻辑不严密,语料属性判断标准不统一,研究目标不明确等主要问题.     

Phosphorylated nerve growth factor-induced clone B (NGFI-B) translocates from the nucleus to mitochondria of stressed rat cardiomyocytes and induces apoptosis

Stress induces cardiac dysfunction and cardiomyocyte injury, and while current data indicate that mitochondria play a key role in this process, the mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we found that in rats, restraint stress induced nerve growth factor-induced clone B (NGFI-B) translocation from the nucleus to mitochondria in cardiomyocytes. This translocation promoted cytochrome c release from mitochondria to the cytoplasm, which ultimately resulted in cardiomyocyte apoptosis. We also found that stress induced oversecretion of glucocorticoids and activated the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway in cardiomyocytes. Enhanced PKA activity increased NGFI-B serine phosphorylation, which caused NGFI-B to translocate from the nucleus to mitochondria. Moreover, a PKA peptide inhibitor blocked NGFI-B serine phosphorylation and translocation. Our data demonstrate that stress affects cardiomyocytes by inducing NGFI-B mitochondrial translocation via serine phosphorylation, which in turn initiates mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis.     

青少年留守经历对网络成瘾的影响:病理性互联网使用的认知行为模型视角

基于病理性互联网使用的认知行为模型,本研究考察青少年留守经历对网络成瘾的影响,并检验非适应性认知的中介作用和粗暴养育的调节作用。以525名中学生为被试,采用非适应性认知问卷、粗暴养育问卷和网络成瘾问卷进行测试,结果发现:(1)有留守经历的个体非适应性认知和网络成瘾的程度更高,而且非适应性认知越强,网络成瘾程度越高;(2)留守经历通过非适应性认知的中介作用影响网络成瘾;(3)留守经历对非适应性认知的影响受到粗暴养育的调节。具体而言,经历较多粗暴养育的青少年,留守经历会增加非适应性认知;但是对于经历较少粗暴养育的青少年,留守经历不会对非适应性认知产生影响。本研究的结果表明,青少年留守经历会增强非适应性认知,进而增加网络成瘾的倾向。但是,如果青少年家庭中粗暴养育程度较低,青少年留守经历对非适应性认知的影响就会消失。     

儿童期虐待对大学生公正世界信念的影响:有调节的中介模型

为探讨儿童期虐待对公正世界信念的作用及心理机制,本研究采用问卷法对929名大学生进行了调查,并采用潜变量模型对数据进行了分析。结果发现:(1)儿童期虐待显著负向预测大学生公正世界信念;(2)控制感在儿童期虐待与公正世界信念之间起完全中介作用;(3)家庭社会经济地位调节了儿童期虐待与控制感的关系,高家庭社会经济地位放大了儿童期虐待与控制感间的负相关。研究结果表明,可以通过预防儿童虐待和增强控制感等干预措施来提升公正世界信念,并且需要对高社会经济地位家庭的儿童虐待加大关注。     

聋人句子阅读中的视觉功能补偿现象：副中央凹−中央凹效应的证据

聋人阅读过程中的视觉功能补偿现象是由于听觉信息的缺失,聋人的视觉功能会发生补偿性改变,表现为对副中央凹视野内文本信息的加工效率更高。本研究采用边界范式,测量聋人的副中央凹-中央凹重复效应,以探究聋人的副中央凹视觉功能补偿现象能否促进其中央凹的词汇识别过程。结果发现,聋人的副中央凹-中央凹重复效应出现在早期阅读指标凝视时间,而阅读能力匹配组只出现在晚期阅读指标总注视时间。因此,相比阅读能力匹配的健听读者,聋人的副中央凹-中央凹重复效应出现得更早,表现出副中央凹视觉功能补偿现象。     

打坐健身机制新探

打坐是一种席地端坐时将两腿交叉相压并调息入静的锻炼方式。打坐行为历史悠久,具有良好的健身作用,近年还发现对心脑血管疾病有一定治疗康复作用。但在中国由于打坐经常被认为属于宗教修炼而被普通大众忽视。本文将打坐与宗教分离开来,通过现代医学理论从调整呼吸、入静、远程缺血预适应保护等对神经系统、内脏功能（肺、消化系统、心血管系统及淋巴循环功能）的影响方面探讨了打坐的健身机制,为进一步研究并向大众推广这种安全有效的健身方法提供一管之见。特别是对心血管系统的保护作用值得进一步研究利用。