从效应量应有的性质看中介效应量的合理性

效应量的作用有两个方面, 一是弥补了统计检验的不足, 二是使得效应有可比性。结合统计显著性和效应量, 才能得出适当的统计结论。效应量应当具有一些基本性质, 包括与测量单位无关、单调性、不受样本容量的影响。国际上流行的中介效应量κ平方就是因为缺乏单调性而引发质疑和研究, 从而被彻底终结了其作为中介效应量的合法性。R平方型中介效应量同样有缺乏单调性的问题。文末讨论了如何报告中介效应量以及有待研究的问题。     

中国近现代学习心理学发展轨迹之初探

中国近现代,自公元1900年到公元1949年,这一阶段中国学习心理学发展的轨迹可归纳为三个方面,理论研究：从翻译到评价再到独立探讨;实证研究：从实验法的倡导到大量实验研究的出现,实践研究：从近代学校的建立到大量有实践价值的学习观的提出。     

Cocaine-induced brainstem seizures and behavior

A variety of abnormal sensory/motor behaviors associated with electrical discharges recorded from the bilateral brainstem were induced in adult WKY rats by mechanical (electrode implants) and DC electrical current stimulations and by acute and chronic administration of cocaine. The electrode implant implicated one side or the other of the reticular system of the brainstem but subjects were not incapacitated by the stimulations. Cocaine (40 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously for an acute experiment and subsequent 20 mg/kg doses twice daily for 3 days in a chronic study. Cocaine generated more abnormal behaviors in the brainstem perturbation group, especially the electrically perturbated subjects. The abnormal behaviors were yawning, retrocollis, hyperactivity, hypersensitivity, “beating drum” behavior, squealing, head bobbing, circling, sniffing, abnormal posturing, and facial twitching. Shifts in the power frequency spectra of the discharge patterns were noted between quiet and pacing behavioral states. Hypersensitivity to various auditory, tactile, and visual stimulation was present and shifts in the brainstem ambient power spectral frequency occurred in response to tactile stimulation. These findings suggest that the brainstem generates and propagates pathological discharges that can be elicited by mechanical and DC electrical perturbation. Cocaine was found to activate the discharge system and thus induce abnormal behaviors that are generated at the discharge site and at distant sites to which the discharge propagates. Cognitive functions may also be involved since dopaminergic and serotonergic cellular elements at the brainstem level are also implicated.     

Relationships among anxious symptomatology, anxiety sensitivity and laboratory pain responsivity in children

Existing laboratory-based research in adult samples has suggested that anxiety sensitivity (AS) increases an individual's propensity to experience pain-related anxiety, which in turn enhances pain responsivity. Such relationships have not been examined in younger populations. Thus, the present study used structural equation modeling (SEM) to test a conceptual model in which AS would evidence an indirect relationship with pain intensity via its contribution to state-specific anticipatory anxiety in relation to a variety of laboratory pain tasks (cold pressor, thermal heat, and pressure pain) in 234 healthy children (116 girls; mean age = 12.6 years, range = 8-18 years). The model further hypothesized that existing anxious symptomatology would demonstrate a direct relationship with pain intensity. Results of the SEM supported the proposed conceptual model with the total indirect effect of AS accounting for 29% of the variance in laboratory pain intensity via its effects on pain-related anticipatory anxiety. AS did not however, evidence a direct relationship with pain intensity. Anxious symptomatology on the other hand, demonstrated a significant direct effect on pain intensity, accounting for 15% of variance. The combined effects of AS, anxiety symptoms, and anticipatory anxiety together explained 62% of the variance in pain intensity. These relationships did not differ for boys and girls, indicating no moderating effect of sex in the proposed model. The present results support the potential benefit of assessing both AS and anxiety symptoms in children prior to undergoing painful stimulation.     

Spatial attention based on 2D location and relative depth order modulates visual working memory in a 3D environment

The attentional effect on visual working memory (VWM) has been a heated research topic in the past two decades. Studies show that VWM performance for an attended memory item can be improved by cueing its two-dimensional (2D) spatial location during retention. However, few studies have investigated the effect of attentional selection on VWM in a three-dimensional setting, and it remains unknown whether depth information can produce beneficial attentional effects on 2D visual representations similar to 2D spatial information. Here we conducted four experiments, displaying memory items at various stereoscopic depth planes, and examined the retro-cue effects of four types of cues – a cue would either indicate the 2D or depth location of a memory item, and either in the form of physical (directly pointing to a location) or symbolic (numerically mapping onto a location) cues. We found that retro-cue benefits were only observed for cues directly pointing to a 2D location, whereas a null effect was observed for cues directly pointing to a depth location. However, there was a retro-cue effect when cueing the relative depth order, though the effect was weaker than that for cueing the 2D location. The selective effect on VWM based on 2D spatial attention is different from depth-based attention, and the divergence suggests that an object representation is primarily bound with its 2D spatial location, weakly bound with its depth order but not with its metric depth location. This indicates that attentional selection based on memory for depth, particularly metric depth, is ineffective.     

四字成语语境中汉字信号监测的警觉研究

成语中某一字出错作为应检测信号,正确成语作为噪音,实验时间为１００分钟,分成五个相等的时间段。结果发现,（１）四种音形条件下平均正检率在第一时间段明显上升然后保持平稳,反应时随时间变化不显著但音异形假在第一阶段与音同形异在第五阶段的反应时间明显长于其余时间阶段。（２）四种音形条件下正检率有差异,从高到低依次为：音同形似、音同形异、音异形似、音异形假．（３）音形与时间段在正确率上无交互作用,在反应时间上存在交互作用。     

国外人类先天“数字模块”的研究现状及展望

先天数能力是数学认知心理学的新的研究领域,国内对该领域尚缺乏整体性的认识。1999年Butterworth提出“数字模块”理论,假设人类的算术能力以先天的数字模块为基础,以后天的文化资源为拓展工具。在此基础上,作者介绍了国外近期数能力的先天机制与后天发展研究的最新情况,并对未来发展趋势作了展望。     

社交网站中的自拍对友谊质量的影响:一个有调节的中介模型

探讨社交网站中的自拍与友谊质量的关系,及线上积极反馈和外倾性在二者关系中的作用机制.采用社交网站中的自拍、线上积极反馈、友谊质量和外倾性量表对490名大学生进行问卷调查.结果 表明:(1)社交网站中的自拍显著正向预测大学生的友谊质量;(2)社交网站中的自拍通过线上积极反馈影响大学生友谊质量的后半段路径受外倾性的调节,具...     

自由飞行下冲突告警对管制员冲突探测绩效的影响

自由飞行是未来空中交通管理系统的设计理念, 会影响管制员的飞行冲突探测绩效, 为其提供自动化的冲突告警是主要的应对思路。已有研究主要围绕冲突告警的通道类型、可靠性、提前呈现时间等单一属性展开, 发现冲突告警的通道类型、可靠性对管制员冲突探测绩效的影响与传统的自动化研究结果存在不一致之处。指出未来在实验中纳入冲突化解任务, 进行冲突告警多属性的整合研究, 有助于解释这些不一致之处、为冲突告警的设计提供更有效的指导。     

Mental representations of arithmetic facts: evidence from eye movement recordings supports the preferred operand-order-specific representation hypothesis

There are three main hypotheses about mental representations of arithmetic facts: the independent representation hypothesis, the operand-order-free single-representation hypothesis, and the operand-order-specific single-representation hypothesis. The current study used electrical recordings of eye movements to examine the organization of arithmetic facts in long-term memory. Subjects were presented single-digit addition and multiplication problems and were asked to report the solutions. Analyses of the horizontal electrooculograph (HEOG) showed an operand order effect for multiplication in the time windows 150-300?ms (larger negative potentials for smaller operand first problems than for larger operand first ones). The operand order effect was reversed in the time windows from 400 to 1,000?ms (i.e., larger operand first problems had larger negative potentials than smaller operand first problems). For addition, larger operand first problems had larger negative potentials than smaller operand first in the series of time windows from 300 to 1,000?ms, but the effect was smaller than that for multiplication. These results confirmed the dissociated representation of addition and multiplication facts and were consistent with the prediction of the preferred operand-order-specific representation hypothesis.