Women with Childhood ADHD: Comparisons by Diagnostic Group and Gender

This study compared adult women with childhood ADHD to adult women without childhood ADHD and to adult men with childhood ADHD. The participants, all from a larger longitudinal study, included 30 women and 30 men (approximately age 23 to 24) with childhood ADHD, and 27 women without ADHD. Women with childhood ADHD were matched to comparison women on age, ethnicity, and parental education, and to men with childhood ADHD on age, ethnicity, and IQ. Self- and parent-reports of internalizing, interpersonal, academic, and job impairment, as well as substance use and delinquency indicated group differences on measures of self-esteem, interpersonal and vocational functioning, as well as substance use. Follow-up planned comparison tests revealed that almost all of these differences emerged by diagnostic status, and not by gender. This study adds to research on the negative adult outcomes of ADHD and demonstrates that the outcomes of men and women with childhood ADHD are relatively similar.     

State-dependent corrective reactions for backward balance losses during human walking

We investigated corrective reactions for backward balance losses during walking. Several biomechanical studies have suggested that backward falling can be predicted from the horizontal position and velocity of the body center of mass (COM) related to the stance foot. Our hypothesis was that corrective reactions for backward balance losses depend on whether the body moves forward or backward after a perturbation. Using a split-belt treadmill, backward balance losses during walking were induced by rapid decreases of belt speed from 3.5 km/h to 2.5, 2.0, 1.5 and 1.0 km/h. We measured kinematic data and surface electromyography (EMG) during corrective reactions while walking on the treadmill. Phase portrait analysis of COM trajectories revealed that backward balance stability was decreased by the perturbations. When the perturbed belt speed was 1.0 km/h, the COM states at toe-off were significantly lower than the stability limit; a rapid touch-down of the swing foot posterior to the stance foot then occurred, and the gait rhythm was modulated so that the phase advanced. EMG recordings during perturbed steps revealed a bilateral response, including modulation of the swing leg during the recovery. For weaker perturbations, the swing foot placements were anterior to the stance foot and there was a phase delay. In contrast to the bilateral responses for stronger perturbations, unilateral EMG responses were observed for weaker perturbations. The differences in joint kinematics and EMG patterns in the unperturbed swing leg depended on the COM states at toe-off, suggesting the existence of different responses consisting of ongoing swing movements and rapid touch-down. Thus, we conclude that corrective reactions for backward balance losses are not only phase-dependent but also state-dependent. In addition, the control system for backward balance losses predicts the feasibility of forward progression and modulates swing movement and walking rhythm according to backward balance stability.     

ICU的核心内容及临床思维要点

危重症患者存在急性的、全身性的、动态发展的病理生理改变(临床综合征).ICU主要任务是:准确地识别和有效地调整患者的这种病理生理学状态/过程,促使其稳定.对危重病患者病情分析判断的原则是:在综合分析的基础上,要动态观察各种指标的变化,包括对治疗的反应性;在整体观念的指导下、要注意个体化的特殊性.诊疗原则是:抓住最主要的病理生理学状态、找到该患者的平衡点,保持相对的稳定状态;同时积极治疗原发病.     

ICU的形成与发展

危重病医学从简单的监测与护理到当今发展成为较系统的危重病医学理论、一系列先进的监测手段和救治技术,经过了半个多世纪几代人的努力.ICU的建立和发展是现代医学进步的显著标志之一.危重病医学的贡献在于,在积极治疗原发病的基础上,通过先进的生命支持手段,使许多过去认为已无法救治的危重患者得以存活或延长其生存时间.从ICU的形成、危重病医学学科建设、我国ICU队伍的建设到现阶段ICU的发展过程作简要阐述,并着重指出今后ICU发展中面临的任务与挑战,如ICU收治标准、住院费用、病人安全性,旨在促进我国乃至世界范围内ICU可持续健康的发展.     

论药物治疗安全:药疗错误的科学定位与安保革新

面对越来越多的最普遍的一种医疗错误-药物治疗错误,以及由此带给患者的身体损害和经济损失,必须对药疗错误进行科学定位和对患者安全保障体系与措施的革新.本文不在于详尽地论述药疗错误和安保的革新,而是通过对药疗错误的科学定位,提出对药疗错误的预防优先和以医者与患者为中心的药疗安全保障,强调重在研究和应用与药疗安全问题相关的健康信息技术和改变认知与处理药.总的认为:关于药疗安全与药疗错误,执行安全措施的障碍和改善药疗管理的当前和可能的机制以及我们应当知道什么和可以怎样做为好.     

心理隐喻的变迁与心理治疗模式的转换

心理治疗模式的转换始终伴随着心理隐喻的变迁,每一种心理治疗模式都蕴涵着一个独特的心理隐喻,支撑着研究领域的共同理解.揭示这些治疗模式内蕴的心理隐喻,梳理心理隐喻的变迁轨迹,有助于我们更好地理解心理治疗模式的转换规律,展望心理治疗的发展前景.     

积极心理治疗模式的特色及启示

积极心理治疗是以积极心理学思想为理论指导的一种心理疗法.作为心理治疗中的一个新生事物,它从人发展的可能性和能力出发,以解决冲突为核心,关注积极的人格特质,在治疗中借助讲故事的形式提供跨文化的观点.这一较符合人性特点的心理治疗模式,扩展了人们对心理治疗性质的认识,推进了心理治疗的本土化发展.     

经济伦理学的一个新视角:活动家商业伦理--论雅克·科里的经济伦理观

雅克·科里(Jacques Cory)是近年来经济伦理学领域的著名学者,其主要著作有《活动家商业伦理》(Activist Business Ethics)和《经济伦理学———小股东的伦理革命》(Business Ethics-the EthicalRevolution ofM inority Shareholders)等。科里的经济伦理观自成体系,见解独到,特别是其“活动家商业伦理”的思想为日益发展的经济伦理学提供了一个新的研究视角。与以往研究以“企业”活动为中心的经济伦理不同,科里从商业中活动家的伦理表现入手,阐述了伦理与民主在商业中的演变与进化,并详细阐述了基督教、犹太教、佛教与儒家等不同宗教…     

人工智能中知识获取面临的哲学困境及其未来走向

一人工智能中知识获取研究的现状所谓知识获取(knowledge acquistion,简称KA)就是把问题求解的专门知识(如事实、经验、规则等)从专家头脑或其他知识源(如书本、文献)中提取出来,然后将之转换成计算机系统内部表示的转换过程。综合而言,KA的任务是:获取领域专家或书本上的知识,在对其理解、选择、分析、抽取、汇集、分类和组织的基础上,转换成某种形式的系统内部表示;对已有的知识进行求精;检测并消除已有知识的矛盾性和冗余性,保持知识的一致性和完整约束性;通过某种推理或学习机制产生新的知识,扩充知识库。由于KA在人类智能活动中的重…     

基于神经网络和可拓学的高中生解决矛盾问题研究

运用自组织神经网络SOM,将学生划分为3个不同学习成绩的组别。考察他们在解决矛盾问题时所采用的算子,并运用方差分析和多重比较方法进行差异显著性检验。结果表明,高中生能够采用多种可拓算子来解决矛盾问题,学习成绩和可拓算子的使用间存在复杂的关系,某些可拓算子的使用在三组学生间并无显著性差异,某些可拓算子的使用在两组学生之间没有显著性差异。