对不公正历史事件的情绪反应—— 群体内疚

只要个体把自己归于施害群体, 并且承认所属群体对不道德的行为负有责任, 而无需自己参与其中, 就会体验到群体内疚, 它是一种自我聚焦的情绪。内群体责任、伤害行为的正当化、知觉到的补偿困难等认知因素都会影响群体内疚程度, 而个体的优先价值观和国家认同等会造成成员间群体内疚体验的个体差异。群体内疚的体验会促进施害群体对受害群体的道歉和补偿支持。将来伤害行为的群体内疚, 以及与其他情绪的综合考察方面还需要进一步研究。     

No commonality between attentional capture and attentional blink

Visual search for a unique target is impaired when a salient distractor is presented (attentional capture). This phenomenon is said to occur because attention is diverted to a distractor before it reaches the target. Similarly, perception of the second of two targets embedded in a rapid stream of nontargets is impaired, suggesting attentional deprivation due to the processing of the first target (attentional blink). We examined whether these phenomena emerge from a common underlying attentional mechanism by using correlation studies. If these phenomena share a common foundation, the magnitude of these deficits should show within-subject correlations. Participants (N = 135) revealed significant attentional deficits during spatial and temporal capture and the attentional blink tasks. However, no significant correlation was found among these tasks. Experiment 2 (N = 95) replicated this finding using the same procedure as that used in Experiment 1 but included another attentional blink task that required spatial switching between the two targets. Strong correlations emerged only between the two attentional blink tasks (with/without spatial switching). The present results suggest that attentional deficits during spatial and temporal capture and the attentional blink tasks reflect different aspects of attention.     

Impaired body but not face perception in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder

Background. Empirical evidence involving the processing of social information by patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) has been relatively scarce. Our study investigated the perceptual abilities of patients with OCD to recognize human faces and bodies. Method. Fifty‐four drug‐free or drug‐naïve patients with OCD and 42 healthy controls performed discrimination tasks consisting of four types of stimuli: two sets of faces that were manipulated with regard to configuration and features, human bodies, and chairs. The stimuli were presented in upright and upside‐down orientations. Results. Patients with OCD were significantly less accurate in discriminating pairs of bodily postures implying actions. However, we found no significant differences between patient and control groups in the ability to recognize faces and chairs. The inversion effects for bodies and faces were also comparable between the two groups. Conclusions. The current findings suggest that patients with OCD experience difficulty in perceiving static forms of bodily postures, but are able to adequately recognize human faces. Our data indicate a selective deficit in the perception of bodily postures in those with OCD and suggest that this deficit is probably not related to the abnormal configurational processing of social objects.     

Polymorphism in the CHRNA4 gene is associated with rapid scene categorization performance

The CHRNA4 gene is known to be associated with individual differences in attention. However, its associations with other cognitive functions remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the effects of genetic variations in CHRNA4 on rapid scene categorization by 100 healthy human participants. In Experiment 1, we also conducted the Attention Network Test (ANT) in order to examine whether the genetic effects could be accounted for by attention. CHRNA4 was genotyped as carrying the TT, CT, or CC allele. The scene categorization task required participants to judge whether the category of a scene image (natural or man-made) was consistent with a cue word displayed at the response phase. The target–mask stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) ranged from 13 to 93 ms. In comparison with CC-allele carriers, CT- and TT-allele carriers responded more accurately at the long SOA (93 ms) only during natural-scene categorization. In contrast, we observed no consistent association between CHRNA4 and the ANT, and no intertask correlation between scene categorization and the ANT. To validate our natural-scene categorization results, Experiment 2, carried out with an independent sample of 100 participants and a different stimulus set, successfully replicated the association between CHRNA4 genotypes and natural-scene categorization accuracy at long SOAs (67 and 93 ms). Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that genetic variations in CHRNA4 can moderately contribute to individual differences in natural-scene categorization performance.     

门脉高压症治疗观点之辩

对立统一规律是辩证法的实质,在唯物辩证法的理论体系中占有核心地位。门脉高压症的外科治疗有分流术与断流术两种不同的手术方法,这两种方法从治疗机制上看是矛盾的,用对立统一观来认识这两种手术的联系并揭示门脉高压外科治疗发展的哲学依据。     

突破卫生资源宏观调控难关的思考

国务院决定 ,在建立城镇职工医疗保障制度的同时 ,进行医药卫生体制改革 ,以建立适应社会主义市场经济要求的城镇医药卫生体制 ,促进卫生机构和医药行业健康发展 ,提高人民的健康水平[1 ] 。这是进入 2 1世纪我国卫生事业改革与发展面临的历史任务。1　深化改革的关键切入点我国卫生体制改革从 80年代开始 ,首先进行了医疗机构所有制结构调整 ,形成了以公有制为主、多种所有制并存的格局[2 ] ,从而促进了卫生事业的发展。同时 ,卫生事业单位为了适应社会主义市场经济体制 ,也在管理模式、运行机制、经济管理、人事制度等方面 ,采取了多种改…     

死亡界限标准的法律研究

脑死亡问题,近年来,成为医学、法学、哲学、伦理学研究的焦点问题,迫切需要尽快给予解决,以制定出适合我国国情的统一的界限死亡标准。1　死亡界限标准的提出人作为自然界中具有生命的生物体,要维护其正常的生命活动,吐故纳新,进行新陈代谢,需要心脏“泵”的作用和肺脏与外界空气之间的气体交换不断地进行,心、肺功能的丧失,即可导致人体死亡。在死亡的过程中,人体会出现许多生理机能的改变和死亡征象,根据哪些机能改变和征象才能尽可能早地确定人体已经死亡?人们经过劳动实践和总结以往的经验,逐渐形成了以心跳、呼吸停止作为确定死亡的标…     

Effect of image orientation on the eye direction aftereffect

After observing a face with the eyes looking to the left or right (adaptation stimulus), the perception of the eye direction of the subsequent face (test stimulus) is biased in the opposite direction of the adapted eye direction; this is called the eye direction aftereffect (EDAE). In the present study, the adaptation stimuli were rotated 90° (clockwise or counterclockwise) or 180° relative to the viewer. The EDAE was measured using upright test stimuli. For the 90° rotation, prior observation of the leftward and rightward eye directions biased the perceived eye directions of the upright test stimuli to the right and left, respectively. These results suggest that the adaptation was induced utilizing an object-based (or face-based) reference frame. For the 180° rotation, however, the results suggest that the adaptation was induced in a viewer-centered reference frame. The involvement of an object-based reference frame suggests that the EDAE reflected the adaptation of a relatively higher-level mechanism at least when the rotation angle from the upright position did not exceed 90°.     

An L1-script-transfer-effect fallacy: a rejoinder to Wang et al. (2003)

Do different L1 (first language) writing systems differentially affect word identification in English as a second language (ESL)? Wang, Koda, and Perfetti [Cognition 87 (2003) 129] answered yes by examining Chinese students with a logographic L1 background and Korean students with an alphabetic L1 background for their phonological and orthographic processing skills on English word identification. Such a conclusion is premature, however. We propose that the L1 phonological system (rather than the L1 writing system) of the learner largely accounts for cognitive processes in learning to read a second language (L2).     

三维干预促进小学生心理健康的研究

为了探索有效的小学生心理健康教育模式,以昆明市两所普通小学分别作为实验组和对照组进行了为期两年的实验研究,对影响小学生心理健康的主要因素:教师、家长和学生自身三个子系统进行了多侧面的三维干预。结果表明:(1)实验组学生比对照组学生的总体一般焦虑水平下降;(2)学习适应性提高;(3)问题行为症候群的学生人数和问题行为比干预前明显减少。验证了教师、家长、学生三维干预结合模式对促进小学生心理健康的有效性。