简式元认知问卷中文版的心理计量学特性

以大学生为被试,考察简式元认知问卷(BQM)在中国文化背景下的心理计量学特性。采用探索性和验证性因素分析方法对BQM的结构效度进行交叉检验,结果支持了元记忆和元注意的双因子结构; 问卷及其因子的内部一致性和重测信度良好; 项目分析的结果显示,问卷的条目具有良好的分数分布、区分度和内部一致性; BQM分数与负性情绪、执行功能和睡眠质量的关联性也为效标关联效度提供了支持性证据。上述结果表明BQM中文版具有良好的心理计量学特性,可作为青年群体元认知水平的测量工具。     

Solutions to the problems of incremental validity testing in relationship science

Incremental validity testing (i.e., testing whether a focal predictor is associated with an outcome above and beyond a covariate) is common (e.g., 57% of Personal Relationships articles in 2017), yet it is fraught with conceptual and statistical problems. First, researchers often use it to overemphasize the novelty or counterintuitiveness of findings, which hinders cumulative understanding. Second, incremental validity testing requires that the focal predictor and the covariate represent separate constructs; researchers risk committing the “jangle fallacy” without such evidence. Third, the most common approach to incremental validity testing (i.e., standard multiple regression, 88% of articles) inflates Type I error and can produce invalid conclusions. This article also discusses the relevance of these issues to dyadic/longitudinal designs and offers concrete solutions.     

Asian American-white American differences in expressions of social anxiety: a replication and extension

This study examined whether Asian American-White American differences on a trait measure of social anxiety extend to nonverbal behavior and to reports of anxiety-related emotions during a 3-min social performance task. Forty Asian Americans and 40 White Americans completed a trait measure of social anxiety and rated their emotions before, and immediately after, a social performance task. Their videotaped behavior was coded using microlevel behavioral codes (e.g., gaze avoidance, fidgeting). Results indicated that Asian Americans reported more anxiety than White Americans on the trait measure and on the emotion rating scales but that they did not differ substantially on microlevel behavioral indexes of social anxiety. Implications of ethnic variations in the patterns of anxious responding are discussed.     

Facing faces: studies on the cognitive aspects of physiognomy

Physiognomy, the art of reading personality traits from faces, dates back to ancient Greece, and is still very popular. The present studies examine several aspects and consequences of the process of reading traits from faces. Using faces with neutral expressions, it is demonstrated that personality information conveyed in faces changes the interpretation of verbal information. Moreover, it is shown that physiognomic information has a consistent effect on decisions, and creates overconfidence in judgments. It is argued, however, that the process of "reading from faces" is just one side of the coin, the other side of which is "reading into faces." Consistent with the latter, information about personality changes the perception of facial features and, accordingly, the perceived similarity between faces. The implications of both processes and questions regarding their automaticity are discussed.     

Use of photic feedback as an adjunct treatment in a case of Miller Fisher syndrome

Photic Feedback treatment of a patient diagnosed with Miller Fisher syndrome has resulted in the rapid and permanent remission of symptoms. During Photic Feedback treatment, the CD20 appeared to be slightly increased. This may have been associated with changes in humoral immunity. The present clinical observation of a single patient suggests that Photic Feedback treatment should be investigated as a possible adjunct therapy for patients who suffer from polyneuropathies, such as Miller Fisher syndrome, within a carefully controlled clinical trial.     

Reliability and dimensionality of judgments of visually textured materials

We extended perceptual studies of the Brodatz set of textured materials. In the experiments, texture perception for different texture sets, viewing distances, or lighting intensities was examined. Subjects compared one pair of textures at a time. The main task was to rapidly rate all of the texture pairs on a number scale for their overall dissimilarities first and then for their dissimilarities according to six specified attributes (e.g., texture contrast). The implied dimensionality of perceptual texture space was usually at least four, rather than three. All six attributes proved to be useful predictors of overall dissimilarity, especially coarseness and regularity. The novel attribute texture lightness, an assessment of mean surface reflectance, was important when viewing conditions were wide-ranging. We were impressed by the general validity of texture judgments across subject, texture set, and comfortable viewing distances or lighting intensities. The attributes are nonorthogonal directions in four-dimensional perceptual space and are probably not narrow linear axes. In a supplementary experiment, we studied a completely different task: identifying textures from a distance. The dimensionality for this more refined task is similar to that for rating judgments, so our findings may have general application.     

Inhibitory tagging in visual search can be found if search stimuli remain visible

Klein (1988) reported that inhibitory tagging (i.e., inhibition of return in visual search) made reaction times for the detection of small probes increase at locations where there had previously been rejected items in serial visual search. It is reasonable that the attended and rejected locations are inhibited. However, subsequent studies did not support Klein's idea. In these studies, inhibitory tagging was tested after removing the items from the search tasks. The paradigms in these studies were not appropriate for testing an object-based inhibitory effect because the objects (i.e., items) were removed from the display. In the present study, we found that evidence of inhibitory tagging could be observed only when the items of the search tasks were maintained until the responses for the small probes were made. This appeared to be an object-based effect.     

Group impressions as dynamic configurations: the tensor product model of group impression formation and change

Group impressions are dynamic configurations. The tensor product model (TPM), a connectionist model of memory and learning, is used to describe the process of group impression formation and change, emphasizing the structured and contextualized nature of group impressions and the dynamic evolution of group impressions over time. TPM is first shown to be consistent with algebraic models of social judgment (the weighted averaging model; N. Anderson, 1981) and exemplar-based social category learning (the context model; E. R. Smith & M. A. Zárate, 1992), providing a theoretical reduction of the algebraic models to the present connectionist framework. TPM is then shown to describe a common process that underlies both formation and change of group impressions despite the often-made assumption that they constitute different psychological processes. In particular, various time-dependent properties of both group impression formation (e.g., time variability, response dependency, and order effects in impression judgments) and change (e.g., stereotype change and group accentuation) are explained, demonstrating a hidden unity beneath the diverse array of empirical findings. Implications of the model for conceptualizing stereotype formation and change are discussed.