Eyeblinking during autokinetic movement observed by a subject living in the up-down inverted visual world

Eyeblinking during autokinetic movement observed by one subject living in the up-down inverted visual world, was investigated. The subject wore frame-spectacles (without prisms) for the first two days and then wore up-down inverting spectacles (with prisms) for the next four days, followed by the resumption of the former frame-spectacles for one day. Eyeblinks during autokinetic movement were measured by using vertical EOG. Analysis showed (1) the occurrence of eyeblinking during autokinetic movement was not influenced by living in the up-down inverted visual world; (2) the frequency of eyeblinking during autokinetic movement significantly decreased with successive days of observation.     

Intentional and incidental visual memory as a function of cognitive level and color of the stimulus

Performance of two groups of youngsters, educable mentally retarded (CA 15-5; MA 11-4; IQ 74.3) and those of average ability (CA 10-5; MA 11-3; IQ 109.1) was compared for intentional and incidental visual memory as a function of cognitive level and color of the stimulus. Nonretarded subjects performed significantly better than the retarded ones of equal MA. Both groups performed better with a color than black-white card, and both groups did better on the tasks involving intentional rather than incidental memory.     

Effects of eye color on frisbee toss

Light-eyed individuals generally perform better at self-paced activities while dark-eyed individuals perform better at reactive activities. Using multiple regression it was found that dark-eyed students hit a target with a frisbee more times than did light-eyed students.     

Psychological gender, hand preferences, and sex differences in book-carrying styles

Individuals with stronger sex-role identities may be expected to show greater conformity to sex-typed behaviors. Proceeding from this assumption, the sex-role status and sex of students using different styles of carrying books were compared. This study also examined whether over-all hand preference or age were related to carrying styles or sex-role status. Subjects completed a questionnaire comprised of the 24-item Personal Attributes Questionnaire of Spence and Helmreich, a 6-item scale of hand preference and a self-rating of sex-role identity. Afterwards, each subject's carrying style was covertly observed and recorded. Most subjects carried their materials in a sex-typical way or in book bags (for which no sex-typed carrying styles were discovered). As in previous studies, men in this study scored higher than women on masculinity and androgyny and lower on femininity. Hand preference was not related to sex-role status. Carrying style was not significantly correlated with any of the predictor variables for men, perhaps because almost no variance in carrying style was observed among them. Women who used masculine carrying styles tended to be older, have greater instrumentality, and a more masculine identity.     

Fixation accuracy and perceptual asymmetry for consonants

Fixation accuracy was related to perception of laterally presented consonants. Small left-eye fixation inaccuracy influenced perceptual performance of 8 men and 8 women.     

Effects of up-down visual inversion on motor skills

The movement of a hand or fingers and locomotion of the body by a subject wearing prisms which inverted his visual world were investigated. A subject wore frame-spectacles (without prisms) for the first two days and then wore up-down inverting spectacles (with prisms) for the next four days, followed by wearing the former frame-spectacles again for one day. Measurements were made of skill on star-drawing, pegboard tests, and on zigzag-walking and walking up and down stairs. There were no differences on the five measures during acquisition for the four tasks, which suggests smooth progress of prism-adaptation by this man.     

Response latency measurements to visual cognitive tasks by normal hearing and deaf subjects

Visual cognitive differences between hearing (N = 16) and deaf (N = 32) high-school and middle-school students were studied. Visual tasks were presented on a microcomputer and response latencies were collected. Significant differences were noted between the deaf and normal groups but not between total communication deaf and oral deaf students. These differences support the hypothesis that deaf students prefer a visual cognitive strategy. Implications for educating the deaf are discussed.     

Effects of living in the up-down inverted visual world on apparent movement

The purpose of this study was to examine whether a change of perceptual framework may affect the occurrence of apparent movement. Apparent movement was observed by one subject living over four days in the prismatically inverted visual world, because this situation was considered as the operation in which the subject was forced to change the perceptual framework to adapt himself to the novel environment. Apparent movement with two points was measured in vertical and horizontal configurations before wearing and after removing the prism as well as while wearing it. Analysis showed significant effects of prism-wearing on the occurrence of apparent movement in both vertical and horizontal configurations. Although further elaboration is required, an hypothesis was suggested from the viewpoint of the loss of visual position constancy.