动机的概率意义——概率归并定理与Monty Hall问题的非贝叶斯解

本文探讨Monty Hall问题认知困惑的形成因素。通过对该问题数学结构的分析,导出一个与该问题的解密切相关的定理——概率归并定理;并依据该定理给出了Monty Hall问题的一种更直观的数学解。     

汉字识别侧抑制效应的实验研究

以汉字作为实验材料,采用侧抑制任务范式,考察了不同性质冲突任务下的汉字识别情况.结果发现:反应冲突条件下的反应时显著长于无冲突条件,侧抑制效应非常明显;刺激冲突任务中,只有字音干扰条件表现出了侧抑制效应,字形和字义干扰条件下的反应时与无冲突条件均无显著差异.实验结果说明,侧抑制效应可能受认知加工阶段的影响;汉字字音与形、义特征的加工过程可能并不相同,语音的激活可能要早于语义和字形的激活.     

Perfectionism mediated the relationship between brain structure variation and negative emotion in a nonclinical sample

In maladaptive respects, perfectionism reflects an individual’s concern over making mistakes and doubting the quality of his or her own actions excessively, which would affect one’s emotion. However, little is known about the neural mechanisms associated with the perfectionism and negative affect. In this study, voxel-based morphometry was performed to identify the brain regions underlying individual differences in perfectionism, which was measured by the Chinese Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (CFMPS), in a large sample of nonclinical young adults. Our results showed that the two subdimensions of the perfectionism, concern over mistakes (CM) and doubts about actions (DA), were both positively correlated with the self-reported anxiety and depression as well as the gray matter volume (GMV) in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a pivotal brain region in cognitive control, affective state, and regulation. Moreover, CM, DA, and organization scores were respectively correlated with distributed brain regions involved in multiple cognitive and emotion processes. Our results furthermore revealed that the score of DA acted a mediational mechanism underlying the relationship between the GMV of ACC and self-rating negative affect (anxiety and depression). Taken together, these results might suggest the neuroanatomical basis of perfectionism and the association among the perfectionism, negative emotion, and brain architecture. This study emphasized that perfectionism could play a crucial role in the arousal of negative affect.     

人类胚胎干细胞研究伦理问题的调查和讨论

此次对各级医生进行关于人类胚胎干细胞研究伦理认知的调查研究,其目的是为制订相关的伦理准则提供认知依据,调查是在我国东西部二个城市的8家三级医院进行,采用随机抽样、自愿无记名填写信息表方法调查.调查结果表明,50%以上医生认为早期胚胎不是道德意义的人,70%以上医生对胚胎干细胞的研究表示支持.海峡两岸的医生由于有相同的文化根源,在对待胚胎干细胞研究的伦理观点及态度上极其接近.     

全其形生——浅论道家关于形体的哲学

《周易·系辞》中说:在天成象,在地成形,变化见矣。①在这天下之世界中,形是芸芸变化所凭依的东西。《系辞》中又说:形而上者谓之道,形而下者谓之器。②形既是道与器所凭依而统一之所在,     

从"扁鹊自责"谈我国糖尿病防治现状及对策

全球糖尿病发病率日益增多.我国糖尿病诊断率及治疗达标率低,并发症发生率高、进展快,治疗现状令人担忧.减轻体重干预糖耐量受损,是决定疾病转归的关键环节、生活方式及药物干预均可降低糖尿病发生率.只有重视普及糖尿病相关知识,提高专业队伍素质,针对高危人群重点筛查及干预,早期发现糖尿病及综合治疗,才有可能减少糖尿病发病率及致残、致死率.     

无神论在当代文化语境下的话语权问题——2008年学术年会发言摘要

2008年12月6日至7日．中国无神论学会在北京举行了2008年学术年会．主题是“无神论在当代文化语境下的话语权”。参加会议的来自中国社科院、中国科学院、中国科协、中央党校、中央社会主义学院、中央民族大学、中国地质大学、北京师范大学、上海师范大学等30多个全国科研院所和部分省市高校的学者．共计50多人。     

捍卫科学与世俗主义的新举动

总部建在美国布法罗市阿姆赫斯特的国际探索中心,有其鲜明的宗旨——积极捍卫和推动理性、科学,以及在人们企及的所有领域中自由的探索。     

Satisficing when buying information

In two studies expected value, expected utility, and satisficing approaches to one's decision to buy information were compared. The task for the first study was to judge the maximum worth of information by bidding to reduce an ambiguous prospect to a risky one when given an option between a risky prospect and an ambiguous one. A within-subjects design was used in which, for the risky prospect, the probability of gain and expected value were varied. The results were inconsistent with both expected value and expected utility models, but were consistent with a satisficing strategy. The second study was similar to the first but with context changes in the stimuli and a slightly different decision task. The results showed that the effects are robust across task and context. The main behavioral effect is that people appear more willing to buy information that may decrease an expected loss than information that may increase an expected gain. A decision justification principle is consistent with that effect.