Effects of word frequency and visual complexity on eye movements of young and older Chinese readers

Research using alphabetic languages shows that, compared to young adults, older adults employ a risky reading strategy in which they are more likely to guess word identities and skip words to compensate for their slower processing of text. However, little is known about how ageing affects reading behaviour for naturally unspaced, logographic languages like Chinese. Accordingly, to assess the generality of age-related changes in reading strategy across different writing systems we undertook an eye movement investigation of adult age differences in Chinese reading. Participants read sentences containing a target word (a single Chinese character) that had a high or low frequency of usage and was constructed from either few or many character strokes, and so either visually simple or complex. Frequency and complexity produced similar patterns of influence for both age groups on skipping rates and fixation times for target words. Both groups therefore demonstrated sensitivity to these manipulations. But compared to the young adults, the older adults made more and longer fixations and more forward and backward eye movements overall. They also fixated the target words for longer, especially when these were visually complex. Crucially, the older adults skipped words less and made shorter progressive saccades. Therefore, in contrast with findings for alphabetic languages, older Chinese readers appear to use a careful reading strategy according to which they move their eyes cautiously along lines of text and skip words infrequently. We propose they use this more careful reading strategy to compensate for increased difficulty processing word boundaries in Chinese.     

判断与决策中的锚定效应

versky和Kahneman提出锚定与调整启发式以来,锚定效应在不同领域判断与决策研究中得到广泛验证,提出了不同类型的锚定效应、多种研究范式、心理机制的不同理论观点,以及锚定效应作为有关心理现象的内在作用机制。文章阐述了锚定效应的最新研究进展,提出应深化对锚的种类和形态研究,以丰富的技术手段发展锚定效应神经心理机制研究,系统地进行锚定效应影响因素研究,深入探讨锚定现象对人的心理与行为的正负面影响以及锚定效应与其他有关心理现象间的关系     

周公的宗教信仰与政教实践发微

周公拥有大祭司、摄政王和政教宣化者的多重身份。在周公这里,周人的"上帝"崇拜与"天"之信仰得到了继承和发展。周公"以德配天"与"制礼作乐"的文化与制度创设,既表现出理性的精神,又洋溢着对神道的崇敬。周公的政教实践,贯穿着道德的理想,但仍与宗教信仰相配合。周公之信仰与政教实践,对后世儒教有深远的影响。     

The Psychometric Evaluation of the Satisfaction with Life Scale Using a Nationally Representative Sample of China

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) in terms of internal consistency reliability, factorial validity, and measurement invariance across gender, age, residential region (metropolitan area/county town/rural area), educational level, and household income with a nationally representative sample of 4,795 participants in China. The percentages of male (47.0%) and female (53.0%) participants were about equal, and the mean age was 38.56 years (SD = 11.87). The results show that the SWLS has a high internal consistency reliability, a one-factor structure (with a wording effect on Items 4 and 5), strict invariance across gender, partial strict invariance across education (Items 1, 2 and 3), and partial strong invariance across age, income (Items 1, 2 and 3) and residential region (Items 1 and 2). The non-invariance of some items across age and region is discussed in terms of the rapid economic and social transitions of China in the past three decades.     

犹太哈西德运动历史初探

本文对近代犹太哈西德运动产生的社会背景、发展状况进行历史性的考察,认为该运动之产生是东欧犹太社区对其生存境况恶化而做出的反应,其发展一方面与整个东欧犹太社区所面临问题的共性有关,亦与该运动独特的内部结构与发展方式有关;本文还分析了该运动独特的宗教主张,分析其在犹太教神秘主义运动中的地位及宗教价值和社会意义.在现代性日益发展的今天,哈西德运动的存在本身具有其特殊的文化意义,应当得到主流社会文化的理解和尊重.     

不同心理弹性大学新生的积极消极情绪特征

该研究采用颜色词的stroop研究范式,探讨了积极、消极情绪诱导下,大一新生对积极、消极、中性三类颜色词的反应时辨别差异与错误率。实验结果表明,在消极情绪诱导下,高心理弹性个体在消极词汇上表现出较快的反应时;在积极情绪诱导下,高心理弹性个体在积极词汇上表现出较快的反应时;内隐实验获得的情绪反应倾向与心理弹性量表所测的外显情绪反应倾向趋于一致。结论:高心理弹性大学新生具有较多的积极情绪。     

汉语阅读过程潜在成分及其性质检验

该研究旨在验证汉语阅读过程也包含单词识别能力和语言理解能力两个潜在的独立成分,且二者之间存在显著相关,进而从理论上为采用"成分模型"实施汉语阅读障碍检测及亚类型鉴定提供实证支持,同时也为教育工作者和实践者针对儿童阅读成分缺陷采取干预补救策略提供指导性信息;文章采用测验法对小学3、4、5年级儿童实施五项语言技能测验,研究结果表明汉语阅读过程也包含单词识别能力和语言理解能力两个潜在的独立成分,单词识别能力和语言理解能力两个变量之间存在显著相关。     

What to Do in an Unjust State?: On Confucius’s and Socrates’s Views on Political Duty

Confucius argued for the centrality of the superior man’s political duty to his fellow human beings and to the state, while Socrates suggested that the superior man (the philosopher) may have no such political duty. However, Confucius also suggested that one not enter or stay—let alone save—a troubled state, while Socrates stayed in an unjust state, apparently fulfilling his political duty to the state by accepting an unjust verdict. In this essay, I will try to show how Confucius could solve these apparent contradictions. I will then examine the reasons Socrates directly and indirectly offers to resolve his seemingly conflicting positions in light of the discussion of the Confucian case. This article is a first step toward a deeper understanding of both Confucius and Socrates (Plato) by way of comparative studies, and of the general issue of a superior man’s political duty to a bad state.     

语篇理解时类别指称对象提取的心理机制研究

本实验利用DMDX系统,通过命名任务来考察在篇章阅读中类别指称对象的可提取性。实验一的结果发现在立即条件下,上指示词所指对象与探测词一致时,更有利于探测词的激活;上指示词所指对象与探测词不一致时,压抑效应不明显。实验二的结果发现在延缓条件下,上指示词所指对象与探测词一致时,对探测词的激活优势并不明显;上指示词所指对象与探测词不一致时,对探测词的激活表现出了明显的抑制效应。     

负启动效应的抗抑制理论及其新进展

负启动效应及其机制是近年来认知心理学研究的重点课题。该文从情景提取说、短暂辨别说以及随意刺激—反应联结的自动化提取理论三个方面论述了负启动效应的抗抑制理论及其新发展,以期为进一步探讨负启动效应的形成机制提供帮助。