The Effects of Extrinsic Motivation on Scientific and Artistic Creativity among Middle School Students

The present study tested the effects of extrinsic motivation on scientific and artistic creativity among Chinese middle school students. In Study 1, a between-groups design was applied to examine the effects of expected rewards on scientific and artistic creativity among 123 students, and in Study 2 the same design was applied to examine the effects of expected evaluation from different raters on scientific and artistic creativity among 120 students. We also considered the effects of grade and gender in both studies. The results of Study 1 indicated that expected material reward had significant negative effects on scientific creativity for 7th graders, while expected social reward had significant positive effects on scientific creativity for 8th graders, and both expected material and social rewards had significant positive effects on artistic creativity. The results of Study 2 indicated that expected evaluation from teachers and classmates had significant negative effects on scientific creativity and significant positive effects on artistic creativity. These results suggest that there is no one-size-fits-all answer to the effects of extrinsic motivation and creativity, Factors such as culture, type of extrinsic motivation, grade, and domains of creativity must be fully considered when cultivating adolescents’ creativity.     

社会逆境感知对大学生攻击行为的影响:反刍思维与领悟社会支持的作用

为探讨社会逆境感知对大学生攻击行为的影响机制,选取577名大学生为被试,采用社会逆境感知问卷、大学生攻击行为量表、反刍思维量表及领悟社会支持量表进行测试。结果表明：（1）社会逆境感知对大学生攻击行为有显著的正向影响,并间接地通过反刍思维对大学生攻击行为产生作用;（2）领悟社会支持在社会逆境感知对大学生反刍思维的影响中起显著的调节作用,具体而言,在低领悟社会支持水平下,社会逆境感知对大学生反刍思维的预测作用更强,而在高领悟社会支持水平下,社会逆境感知对大学生反刍思维的预测作用不显著。     

关于高级内隐认知研究方法的一点浅见

本文对加工分离程序应用于高级内隐认知加工的可能性作了论证,并以内隐学习研究为例,进行了实验检验,证明其切实可行.     

再探外显学习指导语的作用

本研究采用加工分离程序,对外显学习指导语的作用重新加以探讨.结果发现在外显学习指导语条件下,被试的作业成绩虽然较差,但并非由于外显指导语干扰了被试对规则的掌握.事实上,外显指导语促进了被试对规则的掌握.以往有关研究之所以出现不一致的结果,是由于它们采用任务分离范式,未能有效分离外显与内隐加工,以及记忆等因素的影响.     

广州大学生主观幸福感研究

运用《国际大学调查》(ICS)问卷,对广州市200名大学生进行抽样调查,考察了广州市大学生的主观幸福感的基本状况,并对主观幸福感与各维度之间的相互关系作了分析。结果表明：(1)男女幸福感没有差异;(2)主观幸福感主要是由积极情感、消极情感和生活满意度决定;(3)外在准则对主观幸福感的影响是间接的;(4)个体的自我体验和主观幸福感、生活满意度、积极情感、外界准则等相关,但与外界准则的相关最大。     

外资企业跨文化适应模式分析：结构方程建模

在总结国内外有关文献的基础上,编制了跨文化适应问卷,并运用此问卷调查了外资企业的314名高中层管理者,采用探索性、验证性因素分析和结构方程建模技术探讨跨文化适应的结构维度和适应模式。结果表明决策价值前提、人力资源利用、管理规范化构成了跨文化适应的管理决策维度;中外经理沟通、直接上下级关系、中高层团队合作构成跨文化适应的人际合作适应维度。跨文化适应与企业的经营绩效有十分密切的关系。     

社会阶层与大学生网络利他行为:一个有调节的中介模型

采用问卷法对813名大学生进行调查,探讨社会阶层、公正世界信念、网络社会支持与大学生网络利他行为之间的关系及内在作用机制。结果发现：（1）客观社会阶层不能显著预测网络利他行为,主观社会阶层能正向预测网络利他行为;（2）公正世界信念在主观社会阶层与网络利他行为的关系中起部分中介作用;（3）网络社会支持调节了公正世界信念的中介作用。对于高网络社会支持个体,公正世界信念起部分中介作用;而对于低网络社会支持个体,公正世界信念的中介效应不显著,主观社会阶层对网络利他行为只有直接效应。     

Learning of lists of properties related to familiar objects

Four groups of Ss simultaneously learn six-word lists that indicate common objects' properties. Words of each list may either all correspond to the same object (highest homogeneity level), or, inversely, correspond to six different objects (highest heterogeneity level), with two intermediate situations in between.The homogeneity of lists has a main effect upon learning. It is hypothesized that the object corresponding to the words of a list is used, when it is detected, as a federator for this words, and thus facilitates their recall. It is concluded there is a certain similarity between word lists corresponding to several properties of an object and taxonomic lists.     

Origin of the speech apparatus and its reconstruction in fossils.

Renewed enthusiasm has produced provocative speculations in recent literature on the origin of speech. The purpose of the present investigation is to expose the adaptive renovations underlying the emergence of a “Vocal Tract” and from this to define its anatomical substrate which governs the biomechanics of speech production. The vocal tract is a double resonator tube coupled in series and composed of oral and pharyngeal cavities. Analysis is made of the crucial structural elements of this complex from detailed dissections in modern man and the study of modern and fossil hominid crania. The study focuses on relations of the skull base, jaw, hyoid bone and the contained tongue, pharynx and valvular devices, calling into question recent reconstructions built on classical Neanderthal skulls.     

Personality traits of a group of young adults from different family structures.

The impact of parental divorce and remarriage and young adults' gender on second-order personality traits, such as extraversion, anxiety, tough poise and independence, was examined. The responses of 227 young adults on the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF; Cattell, Eber, & Tatsuoka, 1970) were subjected to a parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Results revealed significant differences between the anxiety scores of the young men and women as well as between those of the three different family-structure groups, but divorce and remarriage was not associated with either positive or negative personality development in this sample.