句法加工中的预测现象及实验证据

句法加工是读者通过整合输入的言语信息来理解句子的过程。句法加工的存在,使得读者能够提前预测文本的信息,提高阅读效率。由于阅读离不开信息整合,研究者提出两类不同的句法理论:句法预测的模块局域性理论和句法预测的互动分析性观点。这两类理论的争论点在于句法加工是单独模块化的自上而下加工,还是自下而上-自上而下的互动分析加工过程。其区别表现为句法预测的作用——前者认为句法预测对句子加工有抑制作用,后者认为句法预测对句子加工起促进作用。来自眼动、ERP等研究的数据佐证了句法预测的存在。未来研究应围绕其差异进行深入探讨,以揭示句法加工的实质。     

认知资源对内隐自杀态度的影响:内控自杀动机的调节作用

旨在探讨大学生的内控自杀动机在认知资源与内隐自杀态度的关系中是否存在调节作用。研究发现,内控自杀动机低自我决定的大学生内隐层面对自杀的赞同程度在有认知资源时要显著低于无认知资源时,而高自我决定的大学生在有或无认知资源时内隐层面对自杀的赞同程度无差异显著。说明内控自杀动机在认知资源与内隐自杀态度的关系中具有显著的调节作用。     

The relative position priming effect depends on whether letters are vowels or consonants

The relative position priming effect is a type of subset priming in which target word recognition is facilitated as a consequence of priming the word with some of its letters, maintaining their relative position (e.g., csn as a prime for casino). Five experiments were conducted to test whether vowel-only and consonant-only subset primes contribute equally to this effect. Experiment 1 revealed that this subset priming effect emerged when primes were composed exclusively of consonants, compared with vowel-only primes (csn-casino vs. aia-animal). Experiment 2 tested the impact of letter frequency in this asymmetry. Subset priming effects were obtained for both high- and low-frequency consonants but not for vowels, which rules out a letter frequency explanation. Experiment 3 tested the role of phonology and its contribution to the priming effects observed, by decreasing the prime duration. The results showed virtually the same effects as in the previous experiments. Finally, Experiments 4 and 5 explored the influence of repeated letters in the primes on the magnitude of the priming effects obtained for consonant and vowel subset primes (iuo-dibujo and aea-madera vs. mgn-imagen and rtr-frutero). Again, the results confirmed the priming asymmetry. We propose that a functional distinction between consonants and vowels, mainly based on the lexical constraints imposed by each of these types of letters, might provide an explanation for the whole set of results.     

失恋心境和失恋情绪诱发对冒险行为的影响

考察失恋者和控制组在情绪启动后的风险选择特点,探究失恋心境和失恋情绪诱发对冒险行为影响的特征。方法：招募26名失恋被试和26名没有恋爱经历的被试,进行2组别（失恋组,控制组）×2情绪启动（启动,非启动）被试间设计,使用特定领域风险问卷评估冒险行为。结果：（1）情绪启动的主效应在经济、健康、社会、娱乐四个风险领域均显著,情绪启动组的冒险行为高于非情绪启动组;（2）失恋组的风险行为低于控制组,且只在社会和娱乐两个领域显著不同。结论：诱发失恋情绪引起更多冒险行为;而失恋心境状态下对冒险行为有所规避。     

表象预期调控生物运动性别信息的识别

生物运动系在运动的生物体身的关键节点安置12～15个光点的运动痕迹形成的动画。研究表明光点生物运动包含了丰富的社会性信息,其社会性信息的识别涉及多个心理活动过程,其中大脑自上而下的知觉调控过程发挥重要作用。本研究通过两个实验探讨了表象预期在大脑自上而下调控光点生物运动性别信息识别的作用。结果发现：（1）表象预期能够加快男性生物运动的性别识别速度;想象中性形象被试倾向于将性别中立的生物运动识别为中性,而较少为男性或者女性。（2）表象预期条件和无表象预期条件下性别中立的光点生物运动性别类型识别都表现出“男性偏差”现象。（3）反应类型能够影响生物运动的性别识别。本研究有利于揭示大脑自上而下调控光点生物运动性别信息识别的心理机制。     

Subject relative clauses are not universally easier to process: Evidence from Basque

Studies from many languages consistently report that subject relative clauses (SR) are easier to process than object relatives (OR). However, Hsiao and Gibson (2003) report an OR preference for Chinese, a finding that has been contested. Here we report faster OR versus SR processing in Basque, an ergative, head-final language with pre-nominal relative clauses. A self-paced reading task was used in Experiments 1 and 2, while ERPs were recorded in Experiment 3. We used relative clauses that were ambiguous between an object or subject-gap interpretation and disambiguated later in the sentence. The results of Experiments 1 and 2 showed that SR took longer to read than OR in the critical disambiguating region. In addition, Experiment 3 showed that SR produced larger amplitudes than OR in the P600 window immediately after reading the critical disambiguating word. Our results suggest that SR are not universally easier to process. They cast doubts on universal hypotheses and suggest that processing complexity may depend on language-specific aspects of grammar.     

可能自我:相关研究及应用

可能自我是有关未来的自我概念,由希望的、恐惧的和预期的自我形象组成。它不仅能激发并预测人的行为,还对个体的行为有调整和指导作用,帮助个体做出适当的决策以实现理想自我。近年来,可能自我的研究备受关注。可能自我与同一性、年龄、性别、文化、动机等相关领域的研究得到了深入探讨,且被广泛应用于职业指导、教育教学、行为管理、运动、心理咨询和治疗等领域的研究中,有力地推动了人格发展和社会各行业的进步。     

初中生感戴状况与学校生活满意度的关系:应对方式的中介作用

为了探讨初中生感戴状况对学校生活满意度的影响以及应对方式在其中所起的作用,本研究采用赵国祥编制的初中生感戴问卷、姜乾金的特质应对方式问卷、陶芳标的学校生活满意度问卷,对广州市7所初中进行问卷调查,得到839份有效问卷.结果表明:(1)初中生感戴不存在年级差异,但是性别差异显著,女生感戴总分和人物取向感戴得分要显著高于男生.(2)感戴对学校生活满意度有显著的正向影响;应对方式在感戴对学校生活满意度的影响中起着部分中介作用.     

儿童收养研究中的心理学问题

国外关于儿童收养的心理学研究主要集中在收养儿童的心理适应、认知发展及人格发展等方面, 研究呈现了不同收养年龄、不同收养前经历、不同收养背景下的儿童不同的发展态势, 并做了原因探析和干预机制的探索。但国外该领域的心理学研究仍存在样本区分不明确、对原因的探讨相对薄弱等问题。国内儿童收养的心理学研究应更关注未经历剥夺环境的大龄儿童, 从亲属与非亲属收养、保密型与开放型收养的利弊对比等方面有针对性的开展本土化研究。