不协调理论的逻辑基础——读张清宇先生的《弗协调逻辑》

一个理论是协调的就是指一个理论是无矛盾的,即在该理论中不存在这样的命题A,A与它的否定非A都是该理论的定理;否则,我们就说该理论是不协调的。一个理论的理想状态应该是协调的。但是事实上,现实存在的理论有相当一部分是处于不协调状态的。我们的经验或者常识就常常是不协调的。具有辩证思想传统的中国是一个具有不协调思想传统的大国。先秦持“两可之说”的邓析、公孙龙子等人的思想应该说是不协调的,承认“亦此亦彼”的传统辩证法思想也可以说是不协调的。[1]大量存在的不协调理论现象说明了不协调理论的客观实在性。如何限制矛盾的作…     

向普及科技知识和科学精神者致敬

带动我国科学技术有效发展的是两个轮子,一是科技创新,一是科技普及。作为一个门外汉,我就科普问题谈点感受。一鸦片战争失败以来,为了从根本上摆脱国家贫     

The role of the frequency of constituents in compound words: Evidence from Basque and Spanish

Recent data from compound word processing suggests that compounds are recognized via their constituent lexemes (Juhasz, Starr, Inhoff, & Placke, 2003). The present lexical decision experiment manipulated orthogonally the frequency of the constituents of compound words in two languages: Basque and Spanish. Basque and Spanish diverge widely in their morphological properties and in the number of existing compound words. Furthermore, the head lexeme (i.e., the most meaningful lexeme related to the whole-word meaning) in Spanish tends to be the second lexeme, whereas in Basque the percentage is more distributed. Results showed a facilitative effect of the frequency of the second lexeme, in both Basque and Spanish compounds. Thus, both Basque and Spanish readers decompose compounds into their constituents for lexical access, and this decomposition is carried out in a language-independent and blind-to-semantics manner. We examine the implications of these results for models of lexical access.     

大学生生活满意度与主观幸福感关系的文化效应检验

采用《国际大学调查》对48个国家和地区的10018名大学生进行施测,文章考察了生活满意度和主观幸福感的关系,并分析了文化因素在其中的影响。结果发现:(1)不同国家大学生的主观幸福感、一般和具体领域生活满意度水平均存在差异;(2)大学生具体领域生活满意度与主观幸福感和一般生活满意度在个体水平上的相关比在国家水平上的相关低;(3)在个体和国家水平上,大学生主观幸福感的影响因素不同。结论:文化因素影响了大学生生活满意度与主观幸福感的关系。     

视觉搜索过程中的眼跳及其机制

该文对视觉搜索过程中的眼跳及其时间进程、神经机制及相关的理论与模型等方面研究进行了回顾。发现内外源性眼跳得到了研究者的普遍关注,对眼运动记忆、返回抑制及眼跳时间进程的研究尚存在分歧。关于眼跳的神经机制,额叶眼动区与上丘分别被认为是眼跳的关键区与指令发出者。尽管不同的眼跳理论与模型对眼跳现象给出了各自的解释,但都不尽完善,尚需对这些理论进行整合或者提出新的解释模型。文章还对未来的研究进行了展望     

美洲上空的龙——从奥尔梅克到阿兹特克的宗教

一般认为原始的墨西哥宗教是由美洲虎神所统治的。但是美国宗教史学家卡尔·卢柯特教授通过他深入的研究,将拉本塔奥尔梅克文明的铺贴面像倒置过来进行观察,认定它们是一种代表南美洲响尾蛇的镶嵌雕塑。这样一来,由美洲虎神所统治的墨西哥宗教就被农业文明中的大地雨龙所重新定位。     

Does work engagement increase person–job fit? The role of job crafting and job insecurity

Drawing on the expanded model of person–environment fit and job crafting theory, this study investigates the underlying processes of the relationship between work engagement and changes in person–job fit. A two-wave longitudinal study was conducted among 246 Chinese employees of a high technology company. As hypothesized, the results show that work engagement is positively related to changes in demands–abilities fit through changes in physical job crafting and positively related to changes in needs–supplies fit through changes in relational job crafting. As predicted, the positive relationship between work engagement and changes in relational job crafting (however, not changes in physical job crafting) is strengthened under conditions of high (vs. low) job insecurity. Our findings indicate that engaged employees craft their work in physical and relational ways, which creates a better person–job fit. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.     

Contingent orienting or contingent capture: A size singleton matching the target–distractor size relation cannot capture attention

In the present study, we examined whether a peripheral size-singleton distractor that matches the target–distractor size relation can capture attention and disrupt central target identification. Three experiments consistently showed that a size singleton that matches the target–distractor size relation cannot capture attention when it appears outside of the attentional window, even though the same size singleton produces a cuing effect. In addition, a color singleton that matches the target color, instead of a size singleton that matches the target–distractor size relation, captures attention when it is outside of the attentional window. Thus, a size-relation-matched distractor is much weaker than a color-matched distractor in capturing attention and cannot capture attention when the distractor appears outside of the attentional window.     

独立预测作用,还是基础性影响？——价值观对集体行动的影响机制

为阐明价值观在集体行动参与中的地位和影响机制,研究者以利比亚事件为背景,针对现实和网络场域中不同程度的4类集体行动倾向,在天津市957名大学生中进行问卷调查研究,结果发现：价值观显著增加了低成本集体行动倾向解释率,并调节着情绪、工具性动机和社会认同对集体行动倾向的影响;中国人进行集体行动决策时具有集体主义理性计算特征;不同场域和程度的集体行动有其各自规律.结论：价值观在集体行动参与决策中是一种与社会认同类似的基础性变量.     

领导力的社会认同理论：主要内容及研究进展

作为“以下属为中心”的领导力理论,领导力的社会认同理论是社会心理学与领导力研究结合的代表.该理论采用社会认同解释领导力产生和发挥作用的过程,主要命题为：（1）群体成员通过社会认同选择有效的领导,具有高群体原型代表性的领导者最具有效性;（2）领导者可以通过塑造下属成员的社会认同来实施领导.除了以上内容外,还对该理论的实验证据及优缺点也进行了系统阐述,同时与其它领导力理论进行了整合,最后提出了未来研究的方向.