Innovation across cultures: Connecting leadership,identification, and creative behavior in organizations

Innovation is considered essential for today's organizations to survive and thrive. Researchers have also stressed the importance of leadership as a driver of followers' innovative work behavior (FIB). Yet, despite a large amount of research, three areas remain understudied: (a) The relative importance of different forms of leadership for FIB; (b) the mechanisms through which leadership impacts FIB; and (c) the degree to which relationships between leadership and FIB are generalizable across cultures. To address these lacunae, we propose an integrated model connecting four types of positive leadership behaviors, two types of identification (as mediating variables), and FIB. We tested our model in a global data set comprising responses of N = 7,225 participants from 23 countries, grouped into nine cultural clusters. Our results indicate that perceived LMX quality was the strongest relative predictor of FIB. Furthermore, the relationships between both perceived LMX quality and identity leadership with FIB were mediated by social identification. The indirect effect of LMX on FIB via social identification was stable across clusters, whereas the indirect effects of the other forms of leadership on FIB via social identification were stronger in countries high versus low on collectivism. Power distance did not influence the relations.     

Immigrant linguistic justice: The lay of the land

Linguistic justice is concerned with the just way of politically regulating linguistic diversity. Today, the linguistic-justice debate may be differentiated into three different domains: interlinguistic justice, intralinguistic justice, and global linguistic justice. Each of these domains has, to a significant extent, attracted different authors and debates, although the normative system underlying them is structurally similar. This introductory piece aims to provide context for our symposium dedicated to linguistic justice and migration by, first, giving an overview of linguistic justice, second, linking linguistic justice to migration, and, finally, providing an overview of the various papers in the symposium, situating them against the background developed in the first two sections.     

Structural linguistic injustice

This paper develops a concept of structural linguistic injustice. By employing the so-called structural-injustice approach, it argues that individuals' seemingly harmless language attitudes and language choices might enable serious harms on a collective level, constituting what one could call a structural linguistic injustice. Section 1 introduces the linguistic-justice debate. By doing so, it establishes linguistic diversity as the context in which phenomena such as individuals' language attitudes, language choice, and language loss occur. Moreover, the paper illustrates why employing the structural-injustice approach might be beneficial for the linguistic-justice debate. Section 2 conceptualizes individuals' (certain types of) language attitudes and language choice as (objectionable) social structures. Section 3 provides a concept of structural linguistic injustice. Section 4 suggests one possible remedy for structural linguistic injustice. Section 5 concludes the paper.     

Chronic illness and COVID-19-related risk and protective behaviors

People with chronic illnesses are at increased risk of contracting COVID-19. Still, little is known about whether such an increased risk relates to COVID-19-related protective behaviors among those with chronic illness. This study compares the self-reported COVID-19 risky and protective behaviors—specifically physically distancing, handwashing, and having houseguests—of people (N = 936) (1) living with chronic illnesses or (2) cohabiting with someone with chronic illness to those who fall in neither category at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic (April 2020). Study results were mixed: people with a chronic illness were more likely to have had houseguests in the past 5 days and less likely to have increased their handwashing in response to the pandemic, but were also more likely to physical distance when outside the home. Those cohabiting with someone with a chronic illness were more likely to have had houseguests, but did not differ in other outcomes.     

佛教与当代泰国社会

泰国是当代上座部佛教的三大主力之一,佛教在该国有着重要的影响。本世纪初,泰国一直在进行政治与经济的改革,作为国家精神文明领域的佛教,也处于改革进程之中。泰国政府出于改革的需要,重新订立了僧伽法,利用佛教来维系民族统一,将僧伽置于国家官僚机构的框架之下,发起了一系列的净化佛教运动,这些措施曾对当代泰国佛教和社会发展起到了重要影响,成为一种比较典型的模式,尤其是在政治关系上,对今天的佛教发展仍有重要的参考意义。     

心理性应激对人体血压、心率、呼吸及血浆、脑脊液中精氨酸加压素免疫活性物质含量的影响

外伤性下肢畸形的12名患者,术前第三天和麻醉前,分别测量血压、心率和呼吸频率,同时用放射免疫分析法测定血浆、脑脊液中精氨酸加压素(AVP)的含量。实验结果表明,麻醉前收缩压、舒张压均显著升高,心率明显增快;AVP含量,血浆中降低,脑脊液中升高,两者呈负性相关(r_s=-0.656)。这提示心理性应激,可影响植物性神经系统活动,导致心血管功能的改变;加压素可能在心理性应激中发挥一定的作用。     

儿童和青少年的空间—时间隐喻图式

研究考察儿童和青少年是否具有“左-右”空间-时间隐喻图式。以泉州市惠安县4所学校小学三年级、小学六年级、初中三年级和高中三年级共100名学生为被试,完成时态-按键匹配任务。结果发现,各年级被试均对“左-过去,右-将来”的按键匹配比对“左-将来,右-过去”的按键匹配反应更快,准确率更高,表明自小学三年级起,儿童和青少年在时间隐喻图式上表现出和成人一致的模式,未发现年龄发展效应。该发现支持隐喻结构观。     

口腔科医疗收费要坚持以病人为本

2004年重庆市新的医疗收费制度实行后,口腔科针对新的收费标准和口腔科治疗项目费用上涨的收费现实,坚持以病人为中心,一方面严格执行新的收费精神,同时采取各种灵活和变通的收费措施,为病人着想,尽可能减轻病人负担。两年多来的实践取得了良好的社会效益,获得病人和家属的好评。     

解释心理起源的新理论范式——进化心理学

进化心理学旨在通过进化的心理机制来解释人类行为的适应性,是解释人类心理起源和本质的一种新兴理论范式。该文首先简要分析了进化心理学的诞生背景;其次介绍了该理论的研究内容,其中重点阐述了进化的心理机制的适应性和领域特异性;然后评述了该理论对认知科学、发展心理学和消费者行为学的积极影响;最后对该理论的局限性与发展前景进行了小结。     

军事应激下的认知工效学研究

回顾了近20年来军事应激下的有关认知工效学研究,主要包括五部分：基本理论;应激对认知的影响;研究方法;处理应激的方法;总结。其中在研究方法中重点是对已有事故的分析,竞争性游戏和虚拟现实技术。在减少应激对认知不良影响的方法中值得注意的是：对抗应激人员的选拔、对人员的训练和能够对抗应激的人－机系统的开发。对于我军今后类似研究提供了思路和可能入手点