多特征刺激在视觉工作记忆中的存储模式

使用事件相关电位技术, 采用变化觉察范式, 以双色块和单色块为刺激材料, 通过两个实验探讨了多特征刺激在视觉工作记忆中的存储模式。实验1通过对双色块和单色块的比较来考察特征数量对视觉工作记忆资源分配的影响, 通过操控双色方块的变化幅度来考察精度需求对资源分配的影响。结果发现, 特征数量的增加诱发了更强的对侧延迟活动(CDA), 而精度需求的提高并没有引起对侧延迟活动上的差异, 却诱发了指示自上而下的控制的晚期正成分(LPC)的增强。实验2通过在测验阶段加入指示可能变化的部分的提示符, 发现提示符并未能促进变化觉察的行为反应。整个研究表明, 特征数量影响视觉工作记忆资源的分配, 而精度需求并不起作用, 同时多特征刺激在视觉工作记忆中的存储单位并不是单个的独立特征, 而是整合的客体。     

矛盾态度对个体信息加工的影响：外显与内隐层面的比较

本研究采用“学习—再认”范式从外显和内隐两个层面探讨了矛盾态度对个体信息加工的影响。结果发现：（1）在两种加工条件下,高外显矛盾态度个体对态度客体信息再认反应时均显著短于低外显矛盾态度个体;（2）在有意加工条件下高内隐矛盾态度个体再认反应时显著长于低内隐矛盾态度个体,在无意加工条件下高低内隐矛盾组的再认反应时差异不显著;（3）对态度客体无关材料高内隐矛盾态度个体再认反应时显著长于低内隐矛盾态度个体,对有关材料二者的反应时差异不显著。该结果表明,外显与内隐的矛盾态度对个体的信息加工具有不同的影响路径,这为进一步探讨外显和内隐矛盾态度对个体心理与行为的影响机制提供了借鉴。     

“要有创造性”指导语效应及其对创造性教学的启示

“要有创造性”指导语效应（effects of explicit instructions to“be creative”）,是指在创造力测验或实验任务中,明确要求“要有创造性”（be creative）的指导语,能够促进被试的创造性表现的现象。该效应的理论解释主要有最大化表现理论、目标设置理论和注意控制理论。在指导语中对“创造性”作出解释、创造性任务的类型以及被试特征,都会影响“要有创造性”指导语效应的产生。在创造性教学过程中,可以根据“要有创造性”指导语效应发生的机制,从设置创造性目标、根据任务特征施加精细指导、结合学生特征实施个性化教学三个方面,设计创造性活动,以促进学生创新能力的发展。     

老年人依恋对主观幸福感的影响:孤独感与自尊的中介作用

采用亲密关系经历量表（ECR）、UCLA孤独量表、罗森伯格自尊量表和纽芬兰纪念大学幸福感量表（MUNSH）对311名老年人进行调查,探讨老年人依恋对主观幸福感的影响,以及孤独感和自尊的中介作用。结果发现：（1）孤独感在依恋焦虑对主观幸福感的影响中起部分中介作用,孤独感在依恋回避对主观幸福感的影响中起完全中介作用;自尊在依恋焦虑、依恋回避对主观幸福感的影响中不起中介作用;（2）孤独感、自尊在依恋焦虑、依恋回避对主观幸福感的影响中起链式中介作用。     

Religion and Infant Mortality in the United States: A Community‐Level Investigation of Denominational Variations in Postneonatal Deaths

Although a growing body of research has detected the effects of community‐level religiosity on various health outcomes, very little scholarship has examined the influence of religious ecology on infant mortality rates (IMRs). We conduct ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analyses on postneonatal IMRs (PNIMRs) using county‐level data from the National Center for Health Statistics Linked Birth and Infant Death Data (1990, 2000, and 2006–2010), churches and church membership data, and the Area Health Resource File. We find that while overall rates of postneonatal deaths have decreased over time, the effects of religion on this outcome have become more pronounced. Specifically, we find that counties with greater proportions of mainline Protestant and Catholic adherents exhibit significantly lower PNIMRs. We further find that a greater proportion of conservative Protestants, and especially fundamentalists, increases postneonatal infant mortality. Our findings lend additional support to cultural explanations of U.S. infant mortality.     

Be loyal but not addicted: Effect of online game social migration on game loyalty and addiction

To increase game loyalty but decrease game addiction, this study examines online game social migration and tests the mediating effects of offline social value and maladaptive cognition on the basis of the theory of consumption value and the cognitive behavioral model of pathological Internet use. The results are as follows: (i) Overall, online game social migration is associated with greater game loyalty and less game addiction; (ii) The positive association between online game social migration and game loyalty was mediated by offline social value; and (iii) Online game social migration is associated with lower game addiction. This paper provides a new perspective (taking into account both business interests and players' psychological health) for online game research and also offers practical guidance for cooperation between game companies and the public. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Similarity in Gender and Self‐Esteem for Supportive Peer Relationships: The Mediating Role of Cooperative Goals1

The present study investigated whether cooperative goals mediate the relationship between similarity in gender and self‐esteem and social support and relationship quality in ongoing peer dyads. Based on data collected from 209 student dyads, the findings largely support the mediating role of cooperative goals. However, the study found that gender similarity was positively related while self‐esteem similarity was negatively related to cooperative goals and relationship quality of peer dyad members.     

员工组织社会化程度对其行为绩效的影响

采用研究者自行编制的员工组织社会化内容问卷,通过对382名企业员工进行调查,运用潜变量路径分析技术,探讨了员工组织社会化程度和员工行为绩效间的关系.结果表明:组织文化社会化对员工组织认同感有显著正向影响,工作胜任社会化对员工工作绩效有显著正向影响,人际关系社会化对员工工作绩效和工作满意度均有显著正向影响,组织政治社会化对员工组织认同有显著负向影响而对离职意愿有显著正向影响.     

论遗传咨询和保健服务的科技保障与伦理优先

就遗传咨询服务及相关保健服务过程中涉及到的科技保障与伦理优先的问题进行了讨论。对在遗传咨询服务和产前诊断技术服务中的有关伦理问题提出了一些见解。认为,科技保障是遗传咨询和相关保健服务的基础,而伦理优先则是传咨询和相关保健服务的道德规范。只有在符合道德规范前提下的技术服务,才是真正科学的技术服务。