关于矛盾态度的研究述评

矛盾态度是个体对同一客体同时存在的积极和消极评价与情感。本文主要阐述了矛盾态度的概念界定与测量方法,矛盾态度的相关因素与基本特性,以及矛盾态度对信息加工、行为意图和实际行为的影响。最后,文章指出矛盾态度的界定与测量还需扩展,对引发矛盾的客体、矛盾态度特性有待深入研究。     

大学生性别角色形成研究——双性化与未分化个案的对比

采用刘电芝编制的中国大学生性别角色量表(CSRI-50),甄别出双性化、未分化和单性化被试。在此基础上,对双性化和未分化个案进行深度访谈,以探究影响大学生性别角色形成的主要因素。结果表明父母教养方式、父母个性特点、父母期待、亲子关系、玩伴和自我期待是性别角色的六大影响因素。其中家庭因素最为重要,在家庭因素中父母处于核心地位。通过双性化和未分化个案的比较研究,表明教养者的温柔、鼓励,民主型教养方式,良好的家庭气氛,兄弟姐妹间友好关爱,积极的自我调节有利于双性化的发展;反之,则加剧未分化的形成。     

Body dissatisfaction,engagement in body change behaviors and sociocultural influences on body image among Chinese adolescents

Body dissatisfaction and body image disorders are becoming increasingly prevalent in developing non-Western countries such as China, but there is a lack of research examining the sociocultural factors that in other contexts have been associated with these problems. The current study investigated body dissatisfaction, engagement in body change behaviors, and sociocultural pressures on body image, and the relationships between these variables among 517 adolescent males (N = 219) and females (N = 298) in China. Females reported greater body dissatisfaction than males, and males reported using strategies to increase their muscle bulk more often than females. Males reported pressure from a variety of sociocultural sources to increase their muscles or weight, while females reported pressure from the media to lose weight. For males body dissatisfaction was predicted by pressure from peers to increase their muscle bulk, while for females pressure to lose weight from peers, adult relatives, and the media was likely to increase body dissatisfaction. Pressure from the media and adult relatives was also predictive of body change behaviors in both males and females. The findings are discussed in relation to previous research in both Western and non-Western contexts.     

面孔信任评价及其与信任倾向的关系

68名大学生对随机生成的300张面孔进行是否值得信任的评价,结果显示评价者对陌生面孔的初始信任程度不同,表明由结构特征所决定的面孔可信度的高低直接影响了评价者对其信任程度的高低。随后研究进一步考察了信任倾向与面孔信任评价间的关系,结果表明信任倾向与面孔信任评价间存在显著正相关,其中在"不值得信任面孔"评价中表现尤为显著。这些结果表明,面孔可信度和信任倾向两因素对于初始信任判断具有重要的影响作用。     

论基础公理与反基础公理

"循环并不可恶"。本文在此基础上讨论基础公理和反基础公理。首先指出基础公理原本就是一条有争议的公理;第二,说明基础公理的局限性;第三,详细论述反基础公理家族中的三个成员,并给出它们两两不相容的一个证明;第四,分析反基础公理导致集合论域在V=WF上不断扩张的方法,并指出这种扩张的方法与数系扩张的方法相同;最后结论:良基集合理论(ZFC)与非良基集合理论(ZFC~-+AFA(或者ZFC和ZFC~-+FAFA或者ZFC和ZFC~-+SAFA))之间的关系类似于欧几里得几何学与非欧几何学之间的关系。     

弱连通传递框架类的命题逻辑

在维瑟（Albert Visser）的基本命题逻辑（BPL）基础上增加公理（p→q）∨（（p→q）→p）得到的逻辑LB相对于弱连通传递框架类是完全的。增加达米特（M.Dummett）公理（p→q）∨（q→p）得到的逻辑LD是不完全的。本文还证明LB具有有穷模型性质,但是不具有两常元性质和析取性质。     

Individuals with congenital amusia imitate pitches more accurately in singing than in speaking: Implications for music and language processing

In this study, we investigated the impact of congenital amusia, a disorder of musical processing, on speech and song imitation in speakers of a tone language, Mandarin. A group of 13 Mandarin-speaking individuals with congenital amusia and 13 matched controls were recorded while imitating a set of speech and two sets of song stimuli with varying pitch and rhythm patterns. The results indicated that individuals with congenital amusia were worse than controls in both speech and song imitation, in terms of both pitch matching (absolute and relative) and rhythm matching (relative time and number of time errors). Like the controls, individuals with congenital amusia achieved better absolute and relative pitch matching and made fewer pitch interval and contour errors in song than in speech imitation. These findings point toward domain-general pitch (and time) production deficits in congenital amusia, suggesting the presence of shared pitch production mechanisms but distinct requirements for pitch-matching accuracy in language and music processing.     

Syntactic priming in Chinese sentence comprehension: Evidence from Event-Related Potentials

Using the event-related potential (ERP) technique, this study examined the nature of syntactic priming effects in Chinese. Participants were required to read prime-target sentence pairs each embedding an ambiguous relative clause (RC) containing either the same verb or a synonymous verb. In Chinese, the word de serves as a relative clause marker. During reading a potential Chinese RC structure (either the prime or the target sentence), Chinese readers initially expect to read an Subject–Verb–Object (SVO) structure but the encounter of a relative clause marker de would make readers abandon the initial strategy and reanalyze the structure as a relative clause. A reduced P600 effect was elicited by the critical word de in the target sentence containing the same initial verb as in the prime sentence. No significant reduction of the P600 was observed in the target sentences in the synonymous condition. The results demonstrated that verb repetition but not similarity in meaning produced a syntactic priming effect in Chinese. The constraint-based lexicalist hypothesis and the argument structure theory were adopted to explain the syntactic priming effect obtained in the current study.     

Effect of electron concentration on the Laves phase stability of NbCr2–Ni produced by powder metallurgy

The powder metallurgy technology of mechanical alloying followed by hot-pressing consolidation has been used to obtain NbCr₂–Ni Laves phases. High-purity Nb, Cr, and Ni crystalline powders were milled for periods up to 35 h. These powders were vacuum sintered at 1250°C for 0.5 h under 45 MPa. The phase transformations of NbCr₂–Ni Laves phases have been investigated by X-ray diffraction. The grain size decreases and the microstrain increases with increased Ni content. Different phase transformations were observed from NbCr₂–Ni intermetallics. It is found that the electron concentration and phase stability correlation is obeyed in the Nb–Cr–Ni systems. However, the electron concentration corresponding to the C15/C14 phase transition is found to move to a higher value (i.e. 6.103) than the predicted one (i.e. 5.88) in the literature.     

Mechanical properties of nanocrystalline deformed layers induced by nanogrinding of CdZnTe single crystals

Nanocrystalline deformed layers were generated in cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) single crystals by nanogrinding using three different grit sizes. The mechanical properties of the deformed layers were measured using nanoindentation. The hardness of the deformed nanocrystalline layers in the soft-brittle CZT semiconductor was higher than that of the perfect single crystal. This result is different from those found for deformed layers of hard-brittle silicon semiconductors, where the hardness of the deformed layers is lower than those of the perfect single crystal.