儿童镜像书写的研究

本实验选择了幼儿园大班,小学一、三、五年级的5—12岁右利儿童133人,用八种书写方式书写自己的姓名、阿拉伯数字1—10和八个汉字,同时检查了儿童的定向能力。结果表明:随着年龄的增大,镜像书写出现的人次和数目减少;自左往右的习惯方向书写所出现的镜像人次和数目比自右往左的非习惯方向少;左手出现镜像书写比右手多;双手同时书写比单手出现的镜像书写多;有空间定向力的比仅有自身定向和无定向力的人出现的镜像书写少。本文验证了镜像书写形成的传统假说后,进一步提出了熟练理论:随着对汉字和数字的认知与视-书写运动图式的牢固掌握,镜像字体的出现就逐渐减少,并认为镜像书写存在着一个复杂的机制,是受多因素控制的。     

策略训练对改善老年人词语记忆的作用

本研究采用词的自由回忆、字的自由回忆和联想学习三项作业,分别以归类复述法,联系法和制造联系法进行训练,受试者为老年人60例(平均66.5岁),青年人40例(平均26.8岁),按初测成绩和年龄,文化因素各均分为训练组和对照组。结果:(1)老年组记忆成绩显著较青年组差;(2)老年训练组和青年训练组训练后记忆成绩明显提高;(3)老年训练组训练后记忆成绩相当于未训练的青年组,和训练后的青年组的差距也有所缩小;(4)初测时老年比青年运用记忆策略的显著少些。训练后老年组和青年组运用策略者都显著增多,但前者善用方法的仍少些。运用方法和记忆成绩有显著关系。(5)较少主动运用方法是老年人对信息编码障碍的重要表现,这个缺点可以通过训练得到改善。但编码障碍可能只是老年人记忆障碍的一个原因。     

聋人手势语用手的非对称性

聋人利手的分布也像具有听力的人那样明显,先天的和后天的聋人利手的分布几乎是同样的,表明早期的听觉经验对利手的分布没有多大影响。我们的结果也表明,利手和手势语用手之间有着密切的相关。右利者对单手手势语和双手手势语的主要动作都使用右手,而左利者则相反。     

成人智力发展与记忆

本工作采用我国修订的韦氏成人智力量表,进行了140例成人智力老化的研究,各年龄组在性别、文化方面均相匹配。本工作结果基本上重复了国外用韦氏智力量表所看到的“智力老化的经典模式”,但我国的20岁组成绩较差。这表明横断法研究可能受群体历史文化背景影响的问题。此外,智力与记忆相关显著(r=0.55),记忆老化发展趋势与作业量表分较相似。     

马斯洛需要理论的一个关键概念

通过对行为主义和传统的本能理论的批判,马斯洛提出了“似本能”这一重要概念。“似本能”是马斯洛需要理论的一个关键概念。本文着重分析了这一概念对于马斯洛需要理论以及他的心理学理论的理论后果,并且列举了一些直接或间接支持这一概念的心理学和遗传学的研究。最后,本文指出了这一概念的理论意义,其中主要的意义在于,它有助于以人类因素和社会因素的统一的观点来看待行为以及心理发展的问题。只有从这种统一出发,才有可能深刻理解人类行为。     

Daily and long-term consequences of support seeking in Chinese couples: Between-person differences and within-person processes

It is widely accepted that support-seeking behaviour is culture-specific, such that Asians are less likely to seek support when stressed compared with Westerners. However, mounting evidence is based on the vignette methodology or the cross-sectional survey and utilised students sample. Little is known about how such behaviour manifests in real life and incurs relational consequences. Moreover, psychological theories predict both differences in support-seeking behaviour between persons and the variability of such behaviour within persons. The current study aims to explore between-and within-person associations between support seeking and relationship satisfaction in Chinese couples. Eighty-four Chinese couples reported their daily stressors, support seeking behaviour, and relationship satisfaction every evening for 7 days and overall relationship satisfaction before the diary study and 1 year later. We found that support seeking matters in Asian couples: On days when couples sought more support, they would be more satisfied with their relationship. Notably, no negative associations between couples' own support seeking and partners' relationship satisfaction were found. This study advances our understanding of general and temporal support-seeking processes in Asian couples in the course of everyday life and over time. Results entail important theoretical and practical implications.     

元实践学与异质性理论——对一套实践哲学研究方案的说明

当今众多以“实践哲学”为名号的研究其实只是家族相似。该文是对笔者的实践哲学方案的说明,目的在于跟其他方案区别开来。该方案的学科名称为“元实践学”,是对实践问题的形上学探讨,学说名称为“异质性理论”,是奠基于“异质性”概念的元实践学。     

学龄前儿童关于图画作者意图的认知发展

通过两可形状图、两可动作图和局限视野图三个实验,考察了3-6岁儿童对图画作者意图与其作品问关系的认知发展.结果表明:3-6岁儿童对图画作者意图的理解能力随年龄增长逐渐提高;儿童的知觉经验、社会经验以及图画作品的知觉信息完整性均影响儿童对图画作者意图的认知.     

斯宾诺莎宗教概念研究

斯宾诺莎的宗教概念是斯宾诺莎主义的重要方面。这一少有人作专门研究的宗教概念应当受到关注,这对于我们的斯宾诺莎研究的深入是绝对必要的;对于我们的今日宗教问题的思考亦绝非无益。本文拟从斯宾诺莎的著作出发,考察其宗教概念的特有内涵和本质,并对它作出应有的历史定位。     

Future time perspective drives younger and older adults to continue investing in failing activities

Inspired by socioemotional selectivity theory, we investigated age differences in further investment in failing situations by considering goal type and future time perspective. In Experiment 1, 32 younger and 30 older adults reported their likelihood of continued investing following an unsuccessful investment. Older adults were more willing to invest with emotional goals as opposed to knowledge and unspecified goals, while younger adults showed a greater willingness to invest with emotional and knowledge goals rather than unspecified goals. In Experiment 2, another sample of 32 younger and 34 older adults completed the same decision tasks as those in Experiment 1. After future time perspective restriction, the younger adults made decisions resembling Experiment 1's older adults, while after future time perspective expansion, the older adults behaved like Experiment 1's younger adults. These results indicate that future time perspective modification could reverse participants' goal prioritisation, manifesting in differential willingness to pursue further investment in decision scenarios with different goals. Our results represent important steps towards understanding the mechanism of older and younger adults' further investment in failing situations and illustrate that forging connections between the lifespan theory of motivation and further investment decision is critical for understanding adults' decision behaviours.