Individual differences in the Behavioral Inhibition System are associated with orbitofrontal cortex and precuneus gray matter volume

The Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) is described in Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory as a hypothetical construct that mediates anxiety in animals and humans. The neuroanatomical correlates of this system are not fully clear, although they are known to involve the amygdala, the septohippocampal system, and the prefrontal cortex. Previous neuroimaging research has related individual differences in BIS with regional volume and functional variations in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampal formation. The aim of the present work was to study BIS-related individual differences and their relationship with brain regional volume. BIS sensitivity was assessed through the BIS/BAS questionnaire in a sample of male participants (N = 114), and the scores were correlated with brain regional volume in a voxel-based morphometry analysis. The results show a negative correlation between the BIS and the volume of the right and medial orbitofrontal cortices and the precuneus. Our results and previous findings suggest that individual differences in anxiety-related personality traits and their related psychopathology may be associated with reduced brain volume in certain structures relating to emotional control (i.e., the orbitofrontal cortex) and self-consciousness (i.e., the precuneus), as shown by our results.     

长期倾向调节聚焦量表述评

本文将分散在各种文献中有关长期倾向调节聚焦测量的5种常用量表工具进行了全面梳理,并结合最新文献,探讨每个量表测量效果问题。     

如何让电脑真正懂汉语?——一种以许慎的“六书”理论为母型的汉语处理模型

哲学家塞尔曾指出,任何一台处理汉语输入的计算机都不能够像真人那样理解汉语,因为计算机无法获取汉语表达式的语义内容。他的这个论证,既预设了语义学和句法学之间的二分,而且也预设了一种外在论式的语义学观点。上述两个预设在本文中都会受到挑战。首先,本文将采纳一种内在论的(并且是准整体论)的语义学进路:根据此进路,意义完全可以在不直接牵涉到和外部对象的关系的情况下而被带入语义网。此外,本文所试图构建的语义学模型也不是句法驱动的——换言之,在该模型中,并没有任何语义中立的原则可以告知系统,复合语义是如何从"原子"语义中生成的。毋宁说,"原子"语义之间的亲和性,便已然在复合语义的构成中扮演了枢纽性角色。需要指出的是,关于语义融合的语义学难题,绝非当代语言学家和语言哲学家的专利。实际上,它早在东汉学者许慎的"六书"论中就已得到触及。根据许论,只要一个汉字的构件的语义得到了其它汉语表达式的恰当注解,该汉字本身的语义也便可得到确认。在本文中,许慎的"六书"论将以一种可计算的方式而得到系统化的重构,而该重构的技术基础则是王培先生发明的"纳思系统"(非公理化推理系统)。在这种重构基础上,现代汉语中语词的语义复合方式,也可以得到一种新颖的理解。     

Response inhibition and attentional control in anxiety

Traditionally, anxiety has been associated with a selective attentional bias for threat and a decreased capacity in attentional control. In two different experiments, we investigated whether individuals with different levels of self-reported state anxiety (Experiment 1) and induced anxiety (Experiment 2) had impaired response inhibition processes (attentional control deficit) as characterized by a different response style in the presence of negative stimuli under low and high perceptual load conditions. A go/no-go paradigm with emotional distractors (angry, happy, and neutral faces) was used to provide measures of perceptual sensitivity, inhibition, and response style. Our findings showed that perceptual sensitivity, as assessed by the d' parameter of signal detection theory, was reduced in all participants for angry faces under low perceptual load, where enough perceptual resources were available to be attracted by distractors. Importantly, despite similar perceptual sensitivity, the beta parameter indicated that high state anxiety individuals in both experiments were less flexible at adjusting to task demands in the presence of angry face distractors by adopting a stricter criterion. Implications of findings are discussed within current models of attentional control in anxiety.     

对亚里士多德主义虚构对象理论的批评

<正>虚构对象是小说、神话、传说中虚构地进行描写的对象,如福尔摩斯、哈姆雷特、孙悟空。关于虚构对象的形而上学主要研究两个基本问题:(1)我们的本体论是否应该包含虚构对象;(2)假如应该包含虚构对象,虚构对象属于什么范畴。针对问题(1),不同回答导致关于虚构对象的实在论和反实在论争论。在对问题(1)做肯定回答的基础上,对问题(2)的不同回答导致不同的虚构对象理论。虚构对象理论可分为亚里士多德主义和柏拉图主义。亚里士多德主义者认为,虚构对象并非     

对医院伦理委员会建设与运作的思考

国内医院伦理委员会的建设和运作,除了存在缺少准入和认证标准、管理混乱、缺乏专门的监管机构,运行机制亟需完善、缺少标准化的操作规程、动物实验伦理审查机制的缺失等普遍性问题之外,各家医院伦理委员会还存在其他的困惑.建议采取“西学中用,自我成长和宏观管理”的策略来加快医院伦理委员会的建设.     

关于我国医患会话研究的思考

医患会话分析是一种尊重语言事实的社会学实证研究方法.我国研究者主要从医患会话的语言结构组合特点和基本特征;医患合作模式、特点和原则以及医患会话信息传递方式等方面进行了分析.目前研究中存在语料的覆盖面、典型性不够,分析语言现象与本质的逻辑不严密,语料属性判断标准不统一,研究目标不明确等主要问题.     

过程哲学视域下的《周易》时间观念

《周易》重"时",强调"生生"、"与时偕行",蕴藏着丰富而独特的时间观念,而过程哲学亦重视"创造"、"生成"和时间问题,《周易》与过程哲学存在诸多相合之处。从上世纪三十年代以来,中国学者就多有留意此问题者。本文不打算面面俱到地评述八十年来华人学者援引过程哲学阐述《周易》思想的全部努力,而仅把视角集中在过程哲学与《周易》时间观念之间关系上,尝试撮述并评骘方东美、程石泉、牟宗三、唐力权、成中英、于连、张成武等海外学者的相关研究论著,以期厘清并进一步揭示过程哲学与《周易》时间观念在哲学理路上的相通与龃龉之处,思考作为现代哲学的过程哲学对于《周易》时间观念这一古典思想的接引与提升作用。     

Modeling Not-Reached Items in Timed Tests: A Response Time Censoring Approach

Psychometrika - Time limits are imposed on many computer-based assessments, and it is common to observe examinees who run out of time, resulting in missingness due to not-reached items. The present...     

Latent variable selection in multidimensional item response theory models using the expectation model selection algorithm

The aim of latent variable selection in multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) models is to identify latent traits probed by test items of a multidimensional test. In this paper the expectation model selection (EMS) algorithm proposed by Jiang et al. (2015) is applied to minimize the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) for latent variable selection in MIRT models with a known number of latent traits. Under mild assumptions, we prove the numerical convergence of the EMS algorithm for model selection by minimizing the BIC of observed data in the presence of missing data. For the identification of MIRT models, we assume that the variances of all latent traits are unity and each latent trait has an item that is only related to it. Under this identifiability assumption, the convergence of the EMS algorithm for latent variable selection in the multidimensional two-parameter logistic (M2PL) models can be verified. We give an efficient implementation of the EMS for the M2PL models. Simulation studies show that the EMS outperforms the EM-based L₁ regularization in terms of correctly selected latent variables and computation time. The EMS algorithm is applied to a real data set related to the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.