试论临床试验受试者的权利保护机制——以程序规则为视角

临床试验受试者,作为公益的施行人,对其权利进行保护已迫在眉睫.但依据现行的规定,保障受试者权益主要措施--伦理委员会与签署知情同意书,在操作层面上均遭遇程序壁垒.从现行法律规定的弊端入手,健全知情同意权和伦理委员会构成程序性制度及规则,弥补立法缺陷.     

吸烟者内隐态度的ERP研究

采用内隐联想测验的变式——WIAT研究吸烟者对吸烟行为的内隐态度,并用事件相关电位（ERP）技术探讨吸烟者在进行WIAT任务时的脑内时程变化。结果发现,吸烟者对于吸烟行为的内隐态度是消极的。吸烟词语与两类属性词（积极和消极）相联时诱发的ERPs有显著差异,体现在多个ERP成分（P1、N2、N4、LPC）中。结果表明,吸烟者的内隐态度在早期就受情绪的调节和影响;而两个冲突负波的出现表明,在内隐态度的加工过程中可能存在认知评价的过程。晚正成分的差异则表明,当吸烟词语与消极词相联时唤醒度更高、吸烟者的注意有增强趋势。实验结果支持了态度的三元论。     

外在暗示线索对学习者在多媒体学习中自我调节学习过程的影响

考察139名五、七年级学生在逐次阅读10组图文材料的过程中对阅读测试与媒体信息的关系的自我监察并据此对阅读时间分配模式的自我调节过程,结果发现：（1）二年级被试能够监察阅读测试和图文之间的相倚关系,并据此对图文阅读时间分配模式进行自我调节,分配更多时间在与测试相关的材料上;（2）五、七年级被试的图文时间分配均呈现逐步调节的模式。（3）七年级被试比五年级被试对阅读测试与图文的关系的监察更为准确、时间分配模式调节出现的时机更早,时间分配调节策略的使用更合理,测试成绩更高。     

道德焦虑:一种不可或缺的道德情感

道德焦虑在本质上是一种道德情感.道德焦虑与羞耻感以及内疚感相比是更为基本的道德情感,它所需的条件更少.根据人类在远古时期以及幼年时期的情形,我们发现道德焦虑在产生与维持伦理秩序的过程中有重要作用.当进入伦理世界之后,道德焦虑则在主体行为净化和人格升华等方面具有重要的价值.     

儒家核心价值观的生态伦理审思

生态伦理视阈中的儒家核心价值现蕴含着丰富的精神资源:儒家"一体之仁"观将人与自然看成是道德共同体,强调人在这一共同体中的道德主体地位,以"爱有差等"作为现实的安排,体现了儒家以血缘关系为基础的具有宗教情怀的人类中心意识,儒家在生活方式上"宁俭勿奢"的价值取向包含适度消费的思想,启发人们对自己的消费行为进行道德评价和约束,纠正一味追求物质丰受的消费倾向,这是符合生态学规则的,儒家"为己之学"与"推已及人"相统一的价值取向有助于我们超越以个人主义为基础的西方核心价值观.然而,儒家的上述价值观又与维护宗法制度的价值取向纠姑在一起,因此,必须实现儒家核心价值观的现代转化.     

简论我国人格尊严实现的道德基础和法律保障

人格尊严是人的社会性在道德和法律上的承认和体现,是人作为社会成员必不可少的社会权利。侵犯他人人格尊严的行为不仅应受到社会道义的谴责,也应承担相应的法律责任。我国在该领域仍存有许多缺漏和不足,极大地影响着个体品德与和谐社会的构建,亟待完善与提升。     

当代大学生生命责任意识现状及培养对策——基于大学生生命意识现状的调查

生命道德教育要关注"个体"、通过自我教育增强责任意识、通过生命叙事提高对生命的责任意识、开展生态道德教育、在全社会培育生命道德观念、重视生命责任在社会法制中的回应等培养大学生生命责任意识的对策.     

Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) and bonobos (Pan paniscus) point to inform a human about the location of a tool

Although pointing is not part of great apes’ natural gestural repertoire, they can learn to point to food, in order to request it. To assess the flexibility with which they can use this gesture, one can vary the potential referent of the point. In two previous studies, three orangutans (two of them human-reared) have shown the ability to point to the location of a tool which a human experimenter needed in order to give them food. Here, we tested six orangutans and five bonobos using a set-up in which our subjects had to guide a human experimenter to the hiding place of a fork which was needed in order to retrieve a piece of food for the subject out of a vertical tube. We further examined the potential role of a competitive/deceptive context by varying the identity of the person responsible for hiding the tool. In addition, we implemented three different control conditions in which an object was hidden but it was not necessary to indicate its location to get the food. We found that the majority of subjects spontaneously guided the experimenter to the hiding place of the fork by pointing to it when it was necessary and they did so significantly less in control conditions. We did not find an effect of the person hiding the fork. Our results show that mother-reared orangutans and bonobos are able to point to inform a human about the location of an object that the human needs to procure food for the subject and that they can take into account whether it is relevant or not to do so.

Children's and adults' conceptualization and evaluation of lying and truth‐telling

The present study examined children's and adults' categorization and moral judgment of truthful and untruthful statements. 7‐, 9‐ and 11‐year‐old Chinese children and college students read stories in which story characters made truthful or untruthful statements and were asked to classify and evaluate the statements. The statements varied in terms of whether the speaker intended to help or harm a listener and whether the statement was made in a setting that called for informational accuracy or politeness. Results showed that the communicative intent and setting factors jointly influence children's categorization of lying and truth‐telling, which extends an earlier finding (Lee & Ross, 1997) to childhood. Also, we found that children's and adults' moral judgments of lying and truth‐telling were influenced by the communicative intent but not the setting factor. The present results were discussed in terms of Sweetser's (1987) folkloristic model of lying. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

轻度认知损伤重复效应脑电研究：范式及应用

“语义一致性加重复”范式（congruity-plus-repetition paradigm）在早前重复范式的基础上增加了早期语义情境用以控制重复效应的前期成份N400和后期成份P600之间的相互干扰。作者回顾了这种范式在轻度认知损伤（mild cognitive impairment,MCI）的事件相关电位研究领域的应用,并分析了该范式在MCI的识别及预测其向痴呆转归方面的优越性。提示效应的组合更能标记正常认知老化向痴呆的动态过渡;能产生两个或多个效应组合的实验范式将是该领域未来研究方向之一。