具体情绪与人格特质对决策信息加工过程的影响

研究选取120名大学生,探讨了具体情绪与人格特质对平均决策时间、决策的信息搜索深度和决策的信息搜索模式的影响。结果发现:(1)在平均决策时间上,具体情绪与人格特质主效应显著,并且交互影响决策的信息加工过程。在悲伤情绪下,内控型比外控型人格的个体平均决策时间要长。内控型个体在悲伤情绪比高兴情绪状态下平均决策时间长。(2)在决策信息搜索深度上,具体情绪与人格特质主效应显著,并且交互影响决策的信息加工过程。在悲伤情绪下,内控型比外控型人格的个体信息搜索深度要深。内控型个体在悲伤情绪比高兴情绪状态下信息搜索深度要深。(3)在决策信息搜索模式上,具体情绪与人格特质主效应显著,但两者交互作用不显著。内控型比外控型人格特质的被试在悲伤状态下更倾向于基于选项加工,内控型个体在悲伤状态比在高兴状态下也倾向于选项加工,而外控型个体在高兴情绪状态比在悲伤情绪状态下更倾向于线索加工。     

老子道法自然的心理保健观初探

文章结合心理保健,对老子《道德经》的精髓＂道法自然＂进行现代阐释,探索符合当代国人的道法自然的心理保健观。文章主要探索了道法自然心理保健观的原则,方法及研究意义。道法自然的心理保健观的基本原则是＂无为＂、＂不争＂、＂守弱＂,由此延伸出道法自然心理保健观的基本方法＂致虚守静＂,＂抱一＂。道法自然心理保健观的研究意义在于它不仅适合中国人内道外儒的民族性格,还能使个体有效应对当前复杂多变的环境。     

青州马丹阳祖师打坐摩崖造像考

胶东半岛是早期全真教团最重要的传播活动区域,至今尚存大量珍贵的历史遗迹。青州市南部云门山上保存有历代碑刻,马丹阳打坐摩崖造像,就是其中之一。     

Two Notions of Freedom in Classical Chinese Thought: The Concept of Hua �� in the Zhuangzi and the Xunzi

This essay is an attempt to sketch out two contrasting notions of freedom in the Zhuangzi and the Xunzi. I argue that to understand the classical Chinese formulations of freedom we should look at the concept of hua 化 (transformation or to transform). It is a kind of freedom that highlights the moral and/or spiritual transformation of the self and its entailments on the connection between the self and various domains of relationality. The Zhuangzian hua is the transformation of the self in such a way that the self becomes supremely attuned to the complexity of the world and can thus navigate various domains of relationality with extraordinary grace, ease, and efficacy. The Xunzian hua is the transformation of the self so that the self can extend its relationality to include the entire world and transform it from a raw and uncouth world to a civilized one through ritual practices.     

汉语声调加工过程的脑神经机制述评

汉语是一种声调语言。文章从三方面总结了汉语声调加工的脑神经机制研究:1)声调加工是语言性质,还是语音性质;2)声调加工和音段音位加工的异同;3)声调加工与语调加工的异同。首先,汉语声调加工是语言性质,虽然有右脑的参与,但主要表现为左脑偏侧化。其次,汉语声调是一个独立的语音单位,声调加工与音段音位加工的脑神经机制存在一定程度的分离。最后,声调加工与语调加工在脑神经机制上有一定相似性也有很大不同,虽然汉语语调加工主要是语言性质,但存在明显的语音性质。     

儿童学业情绪的领域特殊性研究

本研究综合运用多种问卷,选取六年级与八年级被试共516人,考察儿童学业情绪的领域特殊性。结果表明：1）儿童学业情绪存在普遍的显著性学科差异;2）各学科学业情绪都存在比较普遍的性别差异和年级差异,男女生在各自的优势学科中表现出比较积极的情绪,六年级学生学业情绪优于八年级学生;3）在各个学科中,家庭支持对学业情绪的影响表现出比较强的一致性,家庭支持与积极性情绪存在显著性正向关系,家庭支持对消极性情绪存在较为复杂的影响机制。     

Guilt and Guiltlessness: An Integrative Review

This paper reviews the relationship between guilt and prosocial behaviors, and integrates multiple antisocial phenomena with the construct of guiltlessness both at the interpersonal and intergroup level. Interpersonal guilt is basically prosocial and introspective. Collective guilt is the vicarious acceptance of misdeeds of the ingroup. Yet it is sometimes so painful and detrimental for the individual and the society to tolerate guilt that people do not feel guilty, especially when the possibility of reparation is low. We argue that guilt is the acceptance of the mildly undesirable self whereas guiltlessness is the rejection of unbearable mental distress of anticipatory guilt. Guiltlessness requires great efforts for defense and justification. Multiple strategies and justifications are sought to relieve guilt. Furthermore, guiltlessness is related to various personality and ideology variables and entails moral disengagement. Guiltlessness can be destructive because, for example, during times of large‐scale conflicts ordinary people who feel guiltless are inclined to become ruthless. Reciprocity morality, ostracism, deservingness, empathy, and self‐control are proposed as means of explaining the origins of guilt and their implications for guiltlessness.     

The effect of music-induced mood on attentional networks

Attention network theory suggests that there are three separate neural networks that execute the discrete functions of alerting, orienting, and executive attention. Previous research on the influence of mood on attention has shown subtle and inconsistent results. The attention network theory may aid in clarifying the influence of mood on attention. The present study investigated the influence of mood on attentional networks in a normal population. Participants performed the Attention Network Test (ANT), which provides functional measures of alerting, orienting, and executive attention. Positive or negative mood was induced by listening to music with a positive or negative valence, respectively; neutral mood was induced by reading a collection of basic facts about China. The results revealed that negative mood led to a significantly higher alerting efficiency relative to other moods, while there were no significant mood effects on orienting or executive attention efficiency. According to the algorithm underlying the ANT, the higher alerting efficiency in the negative mood condition can be attributed to relatively greater benefits of cueing effects. The findings are discussed in the context of the noradrenergic system and of evolutionary significance. Specifically, the increase in the alerting function during negative mood states may be due to the modulation effect of negative mood on the noradrenergic system, and/or to the survival benefit resulting from an increase in automatic vigilance towards negative information. The current results suggest that as the influence of negative mood on attention appears to specifically consist in an enhanced alerting function, it may not be found in studies where the three attentional networks are not dissociated.     

Distractors interfere with numerical estimation in Chinese college students as a function of field-dependent or field-independent cognitive style

Field-dependent/independent groups' numerical estimation was assessed with respect to different distractors. Participants were 81 college students with field-dependent or field-independent cognitive styles. Cognitive style had a significant main effect on reaction without distractors. When the number of distractors was double the number of targets, the estimation accuracy of the field-dependent and field-independent groups differed. Under this double-distractors condition, both the field-dependent and field-independent participants used logarithmic representation more than linear representation in their numerical estimations, but no significant between-group differences were found.     

Measuring Growth in a Longitudinal Large-Scale Assessment with a General Latent Variable Model

The aim of the research presented here is the use of extensions of longitudinal item response theory (IRT) models in the analysis and comparison of group-specific growth in large-scale assessments of educational outcomes.