操作思惟与运动操作的关系

本研究是对不同运动水平和不同运动类型的体育人员进行测验,目的在于查明:操作思惟与运动操作的水平、类型以及学习任务的关系。结果表明:运动操作的水平不同,操作思惟的发展水平也不同,但是两者并不是同步发展的。运动操作的水平必须提高到一定程度,才能引起操作思惟的相应发展;操作思惟与运动操作的类型有密切关系,操作思惟随着长期从事训练的运动项目不同而有显著差别;不同运动操作水平和类型的人,操作思惟上的敏捷性方面的差异较大;从事体育学习和训练的人,操作思惟的发展较从事其它学习任务的人高。     

在不同感觉的记忆活动中海马作用的探讨

本文旨在探讨在视、听觉与味、嗅觉这些不同感觉的记忆活动中海马的作用。发现电刺激海马显著地阻抑了兔以声音为条件信号的条件性防御反应的建立,但对以气味为条件信号的条件性防御反应的建立则无明显的影响;电损毁海马对大鼠建立以灯光为条件信号的条件性防御反应有明显的障碍作用,可是对建立以甜味为条件信号的条件性味觉厌恶反应却无明显的影响;还有,电损毁海马对大鼠上述的两种条件反应的保持均无明显的影响。这表明海马在不同感觉的记忆活动中其作用是不同的。对味、嗅觉的记忆海马的参与是不重要的,而在视、听觉记忆形成的早期阶段,海马却起着重要的作用。本文对此进行了讨论,并从系统发生及个体发育的角度进行分析,认为存在上述差异是可以理解的。     

Depth of phonological recoding in short-term memory

In testing the hypothesis that surface phonetic form is included in short-term memory (STM) representation, the tone sandhi phenomenon in Mandarin Chinese was exploited, and, as a prerequisite, the hypothesis that tonal similarity affects STM of verbal material in a tone language was also tested. In Experiment 1, subjects recalled visually presented sequences of seven monosyllabic Chinese morphemes having either the same tone or different tones. More errors were made on the monotonal sequences than on the multitonal sequences, confirming the effect of tonal similarity on STM. In Experiment 2, subjects recalled visually presented sequences of disyllabic nonsense words. The sequences were designed in such a way that half of them were subject to the tone sandhi rule in Mandarin Chinese, whereas the other half were not. The consequence of applying the tone sandhi rule, as designed, was to make all the first characters in the sequences identical in pronunciation, thus creating potential phonological confusion. More errors, indeed, occurred on the sequences subject to the tone sandhi rule than on those not subject to it, indicating the existence of a surface phonetic representation in STM. The findings in this study provide further insight into the phonological mechanism of STM. Different accounts for this mechanism are also discussed in the light of the new findings.     

老年人短时记忆特点的研究

本工作以50名青年作对照,对240名65—90岁正常老人的短时记忆特点进行了研究。结果看到:1.在逻辑故事记忆、图象自由回忆、数字广度和指向记忆四项记忆成绩上,均有随年老而衰退的明显趋势。其中除数字广度外,其他三项记忆在入老年后(65岁至90岁)有继续减退的趋势。在逻辑故事、指向记忆和总分上还见到有65岁和70岁组、75岁和80岁组成绩接近的现象;2.老年人顺背数字成绩较好,对刺激序列中末端刺激的正确回忆率较高,均说明老年人的初级记忆受损较少;3.四项记忆成绩比较,青年组故事分节分最高,然后依次为图象自由回忆、顺背数字和指向记忆,而老年组则无此明显顺序;4.文化因素对记忆成绩有明显影响。     

入手术室时的情绪状态和某些心理、生理机能的联系及其和针麻效果的关系

情绪活动和某些生理机能或心理过程的关系很久以来就已进行过大量的研究。外科手术前患者的情绪状态及其相应的生理机能的变化,也曾受到注意。患者在意识清醒状态下进行针麻手术,他的情绪状态对针麻过程及其效果的作用如何,这种情绪状态和某些心理、生理机能有什么联系?这是针麻临床上和理论上应予探讨的问题之一。本工作试图综合分析患者的情绪状态和与之伴随的某些生理生化指标变化,以探讨     

Action Generalization Across Group Members: Action Efficiency Matters

Actions are usually generalized among social group members. Importantly, the efficiency of an action with respect to achieving an external target determines action understanding, and it may have different degrees of social relevance to social groups. Thus, this study explored the role of action efficiency in action generalization. We used computer animations to simulate actions in social groups initiated by visual action cues or category labels, and we measured differences in response times between identifying actions that were and were not consistent with group members, without explicit requirements regarding generalization. It was found that in both visually introduced and explicitly labeled social groups, when the group members acted inefficiently toward the external object, perceivers identified group-consistent actions faster than group-inconsistent actions, indicating that the exemplars' common inefficient actions are generalized to the unknown ingroup member, accordingly facilitating the identification of expected consistent inefficient action (Experiment 1). As this effect was not present when removing social group cues, it was determined to be specific to social groups (Experiment 2). Importantly, such generalization was not observed when the identical action was deemed efficient toward the external object (Experiment 3) and was specific to the demonstration of the action being completed by multiple group members rather than being repeated twice by one group member, supporting the group-based inference and ruling out the possibility of the increased memorability of inefficient actions leading to more generalization relative to efficient actions (Experiment 4). Therefore, the efficiency of an action bounds the generalization of the action across social group members through a process that is spontaneous and implicit. This constrained action generalization may be due to inefficient actions being represented as culture-specific conventional forms.     

替代性创伤与具身情绪

具身情绪是在近年来大热的具身认知领域影响下提出的便于研究情绪的理论,主要表现为情绪是由生理反应及情境等共同作用影响的; 而替代性创伤是用以描述心理工作者因长期接触创伤后患者对其进行危机干预,而出现类似的创伤反应和身心不良症状的概念。这两者在形成结构上存在相似之处。本文对这两个概念进行介绍,从具身的视角描述了替代性创伤的成因,最后结合实际对未来研究探讨与展望。     

未来时间洞察力与大学生职业决策自我效能感的关系:领悟社会支持与自尊的链式中介

为考察未来时间洞察力对大学生职业决策自我效能感的影响及其作用机制,本研究采用未来时间洞察力量表、领悟社会支持量表、自尊量表和职业决策自我效能感量表,对756名高校学生进行调查。结果表明:(1)未来时间洞察力、领悟社会支持、自尊、职业决策自我效能感两两之间存在显著正相关;(2)社会支持和自尊在未来时间洞察力与职业决策自我效能感之间起显著的中介作用。具体为三条中介路径:一是社会支持的单独中介作用; 二是自尊的单独中介作用; 三是社会支持和自尊的链式中介作用。研究揭示了未来时间洞察力与大学生职业决策自我效能感的关系及其作用机制,拓展了大学生职业决策自我效能感的影响因素,对大学生的职业指导具有一定的现实意义。     

高自尊易宽恕?基于中国青少年样本的研究

目的:以中国青少年为被试样本,整合已有自尊与宽恕关系的研究,运用元分析技术,明晰二者之间的整体关系,分析以往研究结论产生分歧的原因。方法:采用中国知网、万方数据库、Web of Science等检索系统搜索自尊与宽恕的相关文献,遴选出符合元分析研究标准的有效文献31项,70个独立样本,共计被试31516名。结果:(1)自尊与宽恕间存在中度相关,自尊可正向预测宽恕,验证了高自尊者易宽恕。(2)自我宽恕比人际宽恕与自尊的关系更为密切。(3)宽恕测量工具、被试类别、宽恕结构对自尊与宽恕的关系调节作用明显,性别无显著调节效应。     

High impulsivity,low self-control and problematic mobile phone use: The effect of poor sleep quality

Current Psychology - In order to ascertain the onset mechanism of problematic mobile phone use (PMPU), the current study tested the mechanism by which sleep quality is associated with PMPU though...