Studies of interaction between He and elements with mass number 140 in Fe by time-differential perturbed-angular-correlation measurements

Room-temperature time-differential perturbed-angular-correlation (TDPAC) spectra of ¹⁴⁰Ce arising through ¹⁴⁰Ba-¹⁴⁰La from ¹⁴⁰Cs in He-doped Fe, unannealed and annealed in vacuum at various temperatures, were obtained in order to examine whether Ce (or rather, La and Ba) and He form complexes having a definite geometrical structure in Fe, as suggested by first-principles density-functional theory calculations. No clear signal of such complexes was observed in the TDPAC spectra. However, the TDPAC spectra indicate that Ce and He form complexes having a variety of geometrical structures. Comparison with reported TDPAC results on ¹¹¹Cd arising from ¹¹¹In in He-doped stainless steel shows that the parent atoms (La and Ba) of ¹⁴⁰Ce trap He atoms more efficiently than In atoms do, indicating stronger bonding of He to the former atoms, while different from the present case, ¹¹¹Cd (In)–He complexes form a unique geometrical structure.     

Formation of Cu precipitates and vacancy clusters in neutron-irradiated Fe–Cu alloys

Two Fe–Cu binary model alloys, Fe–0.3Cu and Fe–0.6Cu, were irradiated with fission neutrons at doses ranging from 4?×?10^?6 to 0.16 dpa (displacements per atom) at ～573 K to investigate the formation of Cu precipitates and microstructural evolution. The Cu content only affected the formation of Cu precipitates and microvoids at low doses. In Fe–0.3Cu, the formation of microvoids and Cu precipitates initiated at doses of 1.2?×?10^?4 and 4?×?10^?5 dpa, respectively. On the other hand, the formation of microvoids started at a dose of 4?×?10^?4 dpa in Fe–0.6Cu, and Cu precipitates were formed even after irradiation to 4?×?10^?6 dpa. On further irradiation, the difference in the formation of Cu precipitates and microvoids was small. Microvoids grew with increasing irradiation dose up to 3?×?10^?3 dpa in both alloys. Prominent aggregation of Cu atoms occurred upon irradiation from 3?×?10^?3 to 1.6?×?10^?2 dpa and the microvoids shrank. The Cu precipitates no longer grew, and microvoids nucleated and grew in the matrix above a dose of 1.6?×?10^?2 dpa in both alloys. The present studies clearly reveal the relationships between the formation and growth of Cu precipitates and microvoids with irradiation dose.     

基因研究中的知情同意之惑

知情同意作为生命伦理的重要原则,在基因研究中同样占据重要的地位,由于基因研究中知情同意的异质性,在基因研究中面临着诸如如何理解其知情同意的异质性、群体知情同意、基因知情与基因隐私、利益冲突等问题。通过分析基因研究中知情同意的特殊性,综合国内外此领域的已有研究,运用理论联系实际的方法,得出结论认为,只有正确区分基因知情与基因隐私的权利主体,用伦理规范来解决利益冲突,在发展中不断完善知情同意,才能够取得科技与伦理的共赢。     

Electronic Friend or Virtual Foe: Exploring the Role of Competitive and Cooperative Multiplayer Video Game Modes in Fostering Enjoyment

Industry and scholarly sources both argue that multiplayer gaming and competition are important factors in creating enjoyment, but relatively little empirical work demonstrates this claim. This study uses an experimental design (N = 139) to evaluate the effects of different multiplayer modes on enjoyment, allowing participants to interact naturally with a confederate partner and manipulating both game mode and partner behavior in a game of Madden '08. Results show that enjoyment is significantly enhanced by the combination of competitive play and a friendly partner, and demonstrate that the quality of interpersonal interaction only partly accounts for this.     

When Choices Are Not Personal: The Effect of Statistical and Social Cues on Children's Inferences About the Scope of Preferences

Individual choices are commonly taken to manifest personal preferences. The present study investigated whether social and statistical cues influence young children's inferences about the generalizability of preferences. Preschoolers were exposed to either 1 or 2 demonstrators’ selections of objects. The selected objects constituted 18%, 50%, or 100% of all available objects. We found that children took a single demonstrator's choices as indicative only of his or her personal preference. However, when 2 demonstrators made the same selection, then children inferred that it generalized to other agents of the same kind as the original demonstrator's, but not to agents of a different kind. Lastly, only when both demonstrators blatantly violated random selection (i.e., in the 18% condition) did children generalize the preference even to an agent of a different kind. Thus, from a young age, social and statistical cues inform children's naïve sociology.     

The emergence of kind-based object individuation in infancy

Four experiments investigated whether 12-month-old infants use perceptual property information in a complex object individuation task, using the violation-of-expectancy looking time method (Xu, 2002; Xu & Carey, 1996). Infants were shown two objects with different properties emerge and return behind an occluder, one at a time. The occluder was then removed, revealing either two objects (expected outcome, if property differences support individuation) or one object (unexpected outcome). In Experiments 1-3, infants failed to use color, size, or a combination of color, size, and pattern differences to establish a representation of two distinct objects behind an occluder. In Experiment 4, infants succeeded in using cross-basic-level-kind shape differences to establish a representation of two objects but failed to do so using within-basic-level-kind shape differences. Control conditions found that the methods were sensitive. Infants succeeded when provided unambiguous spatiotemporal information for two objects, and they encoded the property differences during these experiments. These findings suggest that by 12 months, different properties play different roles in a complex object individuation task. Certain salient shape differences enter into the computation of numerical distinctness of objects before other property differences such as color or size. Since shape differences are often correlated with object kind differences, these results converge with others in the literature that suggest that by the end of the first year of life, infants' representational systems begin to distinguish kinds and properties.     

论儒学基本原理与民主政治的兼容与接轨

早期儒家思想中的一些基本原理与现代民主政治的理念是可以兼容和接轨的。儒家以代表“天意”的“民意”作为政权合法性的依据 ,符合民主政治的权力观 ;儒家的“性善论”可以用来论证民主制度的合理性 ;儒家的“中庸”从政治决策的意义上来说往往是民主程序的自然结果 ;儒家提倡的“特立独行”精神所体现的负责任的个人主义是民主政治所需要的前提。     

Comparison of muscle functions during three contrasting abdominal exercises

That different amplitudes of muscle activities during various abdominal exercises not only reflect the inherent differences in motor control but movement speed as well was hypothesized. 20 healthy adults (M age = 23 yr.) performed three exercises that involved varying amounts of trunk control: the partial sit-up, full sit-up, and AbSlide roll. Covariate analyses indicated that the amplitude of muscle activities could be partitioned into three categories: motor control and scaling (speed and amplitude), scaling only, and motor control only. Overall, the AbSlide exercise activated the most amount of muscular activity, followed by the full and partial sit-up exercises. Results are discussed in terms of how the various muscles contribute to motor control and velocity scaling.     

洛阳汉代墓葬壁画中所表现的儒、道思想

洛阳汉代墓室壁画是中国的艺术瑰宝,是迄今发现的能够代表汉代绘画发展水平的杰作,其古拙的艺术风格和娴熟的绘画技法,对中国绘画艺术产生过积极影响,在中国美术史上占有极其重要的地位。本文旨在探讨洛阳汉墓壁画中表现的天人合一、阴阳五行的儒道思想观念。在那些形象生动、奇形怪状的绘画艺术背后,蕴藏了汉代先民对天地自然,对社会生活的理解,表达了他们对生命世界的永恒追求,展现了中国神秘文化的博大精深。     

Limitations of object-based feature encoding in visual short-term memory

The present study investigated object-based feature encoding in visual short-term memory for 2 features within the same dimension that occur on different parts of an object. Using the change-detection paradigm, this experiment studied objects with 2 colors and objects with 2 orientations. Participants found it easier to monitor 1 rather than both features of such objects, even when decision noise was properly controlled for. However, no object-based benefit was observed for encoding the 2 features of each object that were of the same dimension. When similar stimuli were used but the 2 features of each object were from different dimensions (color and orientation), an object-based benefit was observed. These results thus impose a major constraint on object-based feature encoding theories by showing that only features from different dimensions can benefit from object-based encoding.