父母教养方式对创造性倾向的影响——人格的中介作用

采用父母教养方式评价量表、大五人格量表和威廉姆斯创造性倾向测验,测量了311名初高中生及大学生的父母教养方式、人格与创造性,并对其关系进行考察。结果发现:(1)父母温暖、理解与其子女创造性倾向显著正相关,父亲过分干涉和母亲拒绝否认与其子女创造性倾向显著正相关;(2)开放性和外倾性人格在父母教养方式与创造性倾向之间起中介作用。研究探讨了教养方式、人格与创造性之间的关系以及对父母养育子女的启示。     

道德困境决策中的忽略偏差:现象与测量

道德困境决策中的忽略偏差效应是指在道德困境中,当作为和不作为都会造成消极结果的情况下,个体认为作为导致的消极结果比不作为导致的消极结果更不道德,从而使人们在道德决策时更倾向于不作为的现象。由于传统道德决策研究范式存在义务论决策倾向性和一般性不作为反应倾向相混淆的局限,道德困境决策中的忽略偏差效应尚未做进一步探索。本文梳理了道德困境决策中忽略偏差效应的表现,通过CNI模型提出甄别和测量道德困境决策中忽略偏差效应的策略:创设研究情景; 分离不作为倾向性和忽略偏差效应; 综合探索忽略偏差效应的群体和个体特征。针对CNI模型的局限性,结合CAN算法和漂移扩散模型对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

中国人敬畏特质的心理结构研究

本研究基于人格词汇学假设,探索中国人敬畏特质的心理结构。通过文献分析、专家访谈、开放式和半开放式问卷调查,建立39个词汇的敬畏特质词汇表。在此基础上,进行项目分析、探索性因素分析、验证性因素分析和信效度检验,编制了包含24个词汇的中国人敬畏特质词汇评定问卷。结果表明:(1)中国人的敬畏特质是一个包括谨慎、尊重、谦卑、欣赏的四维结构;(2)编制的中国人敬畏特质词汇评定问卷的信效度符合心理测量学的要求。     

社会认知双加工视角下的刻板印象激活机制

刻板印象激活过程中意识干预与否的问题,催生了内隐与外显两种激活理论长久以来的争端。其根源在于现有研究的刻板激活操作不严谨、两类范式不可比等多个方面。社会认识双加工理论提供了独特的分阶段比较视角。在该理论视角下,文章从梳理内隐及外显理论争端入手,分析各自存在的问题,并以双加工理论为指导,设计了一项内隐及外显任务分离启动研究,以期为探明刻板印象的认知激活机制,提供方法上的支撑。     

How organizational cultures shape social cognition for newcomer voices

Drawing on cue consensus theory and status characteristics theory, we argue that the consensus between newcomer voice (challenging vs. supportive) and organizational culture (individualistic vs. collectivistic) leads to observers' social cognition of warmth or competence. Based on two survey studies and two experiment studies, we found that individualistic organizational culture strengthens the positive relationship between challenging voice and perceived competence and that voice constructiveness mediates this moderating effect. We also found that collectivistic organizational culture strengthens the positive relationship between supportive voice and perceived warmth, and prosocial motivation mediates this moderating effect. Focusing on consistent cues between voice and organizational culture, our research contributes to the voice literature, answering when and how both newcomer challenging voice and supportive voice can lead to perceived warmth and competence. Our results offer both theoretical implications and practical insights for employees and organizations.     

Content differences for abstract and concrete concepts

Concept properties are an integral part of theories of conceptual representation and processing. To date, little is known about conceptual properties of abstract concepts, such as idea. This experiment systematically compared the content of 18 abstract and 18 concrete concepts, using a feature generation task. Thirty-one participants listed characteristics of the concepts (i.e., item properties) or their relevant context (i.e., context properties). Abstract concepts had significantly fewer intrinsic item properties and more properties expressing subjective experiences than concrete concepts. Situation components generated for abstract and concrete concepts differed in kind, but not in number. Abstract concepts were predominantly related to social aspects of situations. Properties were significantly less specific for abstract than for concrete concepts. Thus, abstractness emerged as a function of several, both qualitative and quantitative, factors.     

洛阳汉代墓葬壁画中所表现的儒、道思想

洛阳汉代墓室壁画是中国的艺术瑰宝,是迄今发现的能够代表汉代绘画发展水平的杰作,其古拙的艺术风格和娴熟的绘画技法,对中国绘画艺术产生过积极影响,在中国美术史上占有极其重要的地位。本文旨在探讨洛阳汉墓壁画中表现的天人合一、阴阳五行的儒道思想观念。在那些形象生动、奇形怪状的绘画艺术背后,蕴藏了汉代先民对天地自然,对社会生活的理解,表达了他们对生命世界的永恒追求,展现了中国神秘文化的博大精深。     

Infants' knowledge of objects: beyond object files and object tracking

Two independent research communities have produced large bodies of data concerning object representations: the community concerned with the infant's object concept and the community concerned with adult object-based attention. We marshal evidence in support of the hypothesis that both communities have been studying the same natural kind. The discovery that the object representations of young infants are the same as the object files of mid-level visual cognition has implications for both fields.     

Limitations of object-based feature encoding in visual short-term memory

The present study investigated object-based feature encoding in visual short-term memory for 2 features within the same dimension that occur on different parts of an object. Using the change-detection paradigm, this experiment studied objects with 2 colors and objects with 2 orientations. Participants found it easier to monitor 1 rather than both features of such objects, even when decision noise was properly controlled for. However, no object-based benefit was observed for encoding the 2 features of each object that were of the same dimension. When similar stimuli were used but the 2 features of each object were from different dimensions (color and orientation), an object-based benefit was observed. These results thus impose a major constraint on object-based feature encoding theories by showing that only features from different dimensions can benefit from object-based encoding.     

Feature integration across parts in visual search

In the present study, participants searched for a conjunction of color and orientation either from the same part of an object (same-part display), or from different parts of an object (different-part display). While no difference was found between the two display conditions in single feature searches, conjunction search in the same-part display was significantly faster than that in the different-part display. This same-part advantage applies to both the inner part as well as the outer part of an object. These results suggest that features are more readily integrated if they are from the same part of an object than if they are from different parts of an object. The formation of object part representations thus influences how features are integrated and encoded during visual information processing.