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881.
    
Dong Wei  Anqi Xu  Xue Wu 《PsyCh Journal》2020,9(3):383-391
Doctor–patient communication interacts with patients' satisfaction to influence patients' risk perception. Current theories to explain this relationship have assumed particular psychological processes to explain observations of risk‐sensitive behavior in an economic setting, but as of yet, they have not addressed whether it is adaptive for a decision‐maker in a health‐care situation. In addition, little is known about the role of interpersonal trust between doctor and patient. We surveyed 602 patients to examine the way in which trust, communication, and patients' satisfaction are related to patients' risk perception about uncertainties in medical treatment. The results showed that patients held a relatively low level of risk perception, which means that they had insufficient preparation for the possibility of uncertainties about the treatment. The association between doctor–patient communication and patients' perceived risk was mediated by doctor–patient trust. These results suggest that there is a relationship among good doctor–patient communication, patients' trust in medical staff, and perceived risk during medical treatment. Finally, theoretical and practical implications are discussed.  相似文献   
882.
    
This research aimed to examine the effects of negative metastereotypes (i.e., patients believe that doctors have negative opinions about them) and conflict experience on doctor–patient relationships. A 2 × 2 experimental study was conducted on 84 outpatients who were randomly assigned to either a negative metastereotype activation (NMSA) condition or a nonnegative metastereotype activation (non‐NMSA) condition. Each group consisted of patients with and without conflict experience (CE). Intergroup anxiety and doctor–patient relationships were subsequently assessed. Results showed that NMSA and CE increased intergroup anxiety and undermined doctor–patient relationships. In addition, the interaction between NMSA and CE on doctor–patient relationships was significant. When negative metastereotypes were activated, patients with CE showed more unfavorable relationships with doctors as compared with those under non‐NMSA activation condition; no metastereotype effects on doctor–patient relationships were observed among patients without CE. These findings provided insights into an important predictor of doctor–patient relationships as well as its mechanism. Future studies should consider negative metastereotypes and CE to develop interventions for improving doctor–patient relationships.  相似文献   
883.
    
Starting in early childhood, children are socialized to be honest. However, they are also expected to avoid telling the truth in sensitive situations if doing so could be seen as inappropriate or impolite. Across two studies (total N = 358), the reasoning of 3- to 5-year-old children in such a scenario was investigated by manipulating whether the information in question would be helpful to the recipient. The studies used a reverse rouge paradigm, in which a confederate with a highly salient red mark on her nose asked children whether she looked okay prior to having her picture taken. In Study 1, children tended to tell the truth only if they were able to observe that the mark was temporary and the confederate did not know it was there. In Study 2, children tended to tell the truth only if they were able to observe that the mark could be concealed with makeup. These findings show that for children as young as age 3, decisions about whether to tell the truth are influenced by the likelihood that the information would be helpful to the recipient.  相似文献   
884.
885.
    
Hair cortisol has been proposed as a temporally integrated measure of systemic cortisol suitable for studies of chronic stress. We compared hair cortisol and depressive and anxiety symptoms between two groups of healthy male adolescents differing in exposure to chronic stress, one attending regular high school (n = 33) and the other incarcerated for 11–867 days in juvenile detention (n = 29), and examined the association of hair cortisol and depressive and anxiety symptoms among all adolescents. Hair cortisol was determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and depressive and anxiety symptoms were measured by the Self‐Rating Depression and Anxiety Scales. Hair samples (1‐cm segments closest to the scalp at the posterior vertex) were collected 2 weeks after psychometric testing. Results revealed that incarcerated adolescents showed significantly more anxiety and depression symptoms, and higher hair cortisol levels than high school adolescents (ps < .05). The regression results revealed that hair cortisol levels could negatively predict depression symptoms (p < .05) but could not predict anxiety symptoms (p > .05) among all adolescents from the two groups. In summary, incarcerated adolescents experienced significantly higher chronic stress than high school adolescents. Hair cortisol showed a negative association with depression symptoms and no association with anxiety symptoms among adolescents with different exposures to chronic stress.  相似文献   
886.
采用自编“元记忆简短问卷”和“成人元记忆问卷”,对90例被试(分为青年、老年和老老年组)进行元记忆及其与记忆关系的比较研究。结果表明:(1)预测记词对数和记图数随增龄而减少,年龄差异明显。评估准确性未显示年龄差异。训练后,预测成绩明显提高,但评估准确性未见提高。测后自评与预测情况相似,但其准确性高于预测,元记忆可能通过记忆过程而有提高;(2)自信程度和使用方法数均随增龄而减少,可能这是影响记忆成绩的重要因素;(3)联想学习和图象自由回忆成绩均与“元记忆简短问卷”和“成人元记忆问卷”的各项自评有不同程度的相关,表明元记忆与记忆关系密切。  相似文献   
887.
病原微生物能够影响宿主的大脑和行为, 甚至诱发精神疾患。肠道细菌可影响小鼠的神经系统发育和行为模式的发展。慢性胃肠病、慢性疲劳综合征等生理疾病中的行为改变与微生物有关; 肝性脑病、多发性硬化等中枢神经系统生理疾病也可能由微生态改变引起; 抑郁症、孤独症等精神疾病与肠道细菌状态和比例有关; 卫生假说支持上述观点。建立良好的共生微生物平衡有利于人类身心健康。可以预期, 共生微生物与身心健康的关系将是今后心理学研究的关注热点。  相似文献   
888.
刘晨  陈旭 《心理科学进展》2018,26(9):1590-1599
自传体记忆是关于个人生活的记忆, 依恋理论为自传体记忆的理解提供重要的理论框架。本文以个体依恋风格的差异为视角, 根据Conway和Pleydell-Pearce’s的自我记忆系统(Self-Memory System)总结出在自传体记忆提取的过程中, 依恋系统具有目标导向、防御排斥和情绪调节的作用。安全型相较于非安全型依恋的个体在自传体记忆提取的数量、具体性、准确性、通达性和情绪强度、情绪唤醒度上具有优势。未来研究可以从依恋系统的激活, 焦虑型、回避型依恋在记忆提取中具体成分的差异, 依恋与不随意自传体记忆提取的关系上来探讨。  相似文献   
889.
本研究基于人格词汇学假设,探索中国人敬畏特质的心理结构。通过文献分析、专家访谈、开放式和半开放式问卷调查,建立39个词汇的敬畏特质词汇表。在此基础上,进行项目分析、探索性因素分析、验证性因素分析和信效度检验,编制了包含24个词汇的中国人敬畏特质词汇评定问卷。结果表明:(1)中国人的敬畏特质是一个包括谨慎、尊重、谦卑、欣赏的四维结构;(2)编制的中国人敬畏特质词汇评定问卷的信效度符合心理测量学的要求。  相似文献   
890.
汉语儿童人称代词的获得   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
本文作两个方面的研究。研究一用追踪录音方法记录5名半岁到3岁半幼儿获得人称代词的过程。结果表明:汉语儿童一般在1岁半到3岁半这期间逐步掌握人称代词,顺序是从“我”、“你”到“他”。研究二用实验方法探讨28名3—4岁儿童掌握单数人称代词的情况。结果表明:儿童4岁时人称代词获得有一个发展比较迅速的时期。到这一年龄阶段,儿童对人称代词的掌握已比较完善。在以上两项研究的基础上,探讨和总结了汉语儿童人称代词发展的特点和规律以及语言的普遍性。  相似文献   
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