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131.
It has been speculated that cage mesh exerts a shaping influence on reaching behavior by captive apes, which is then misconstrued
as pointing by human observers. Although this notion is clearly falsified by the pointing of captive language-trained apes—who
point in the absence of intervening cage mesh—nevertheless, the degree to which cage mesh might influence pointing hand shapes
by captive great apes in other housing environments remains relatively unexplored. We examined 259 pointing gestures displayed
in archival footage from over 18 h of observation by three nonlanguage-trained chimpanzees housed at a biomedical research
center. We coded points in relation to how close to the boundaries of the diamond-shaped cage mesh their points were displayed.
We found that points with the whole hand were significantly more likely to be displayed away from the mesh boundaries, relative
to points with the index finger or other single-digit points. However, points of each hand shape were displayed at each location,
demonstrating that these physical parameters do not fully account for the number of fingers extended while pointing by chimpanzees. 相似文献
132.
In this cross-cultural study, 115 Hong Kong Chinese and 117 Brazilian college students described a childhood peak-experience
(occurring before the age of 14) and provided a self-rating on its enduring impact. Among various categories of peak-experiences,
both Hong Kong Chinese and Brazilians reported interpersonal joy most frequently; the second most frequently reported category
was external achievement for the Hong Kong sample and developmental landmark for the Brazilian sample. Compared with Brazilians’
narratives, those of Hong Kong Chinese were more social-focused, involving greater number of other people, but less specific.
These characteristics of autobiographical memory, i.e., memory focus (self vs. social), memory specificity (specific vs. general),
and the number of other people involved, significantly mediated the relation between culture and interpersonal joy. The present
findings have extended research on peak-experiences to cross-cultural contexts and incorporated measures of autobiographical
memory to unpack cultural variations in these two collectivist societies. 相似文献
133.
Andrew Village 《Review of religious research》2012,54(2):175-196
The compensatory schema hypothesis (Hoffmann and Bartkowski, Soc Forces 86:1245–1272, 2008) has been used to explain why women
seem to have higher levels of biblical literalism than men in some Christian denominations. Based on social structuration
and gender theories, it proposes that biblical literalism is a key social schema in some denominations that deny women access
to institutional power. Women compensate for the lack of access to institutional social resources (leadership) by stressing
the accepted schema (literalism) more strongly than men. The theory was tested using two samples from the Church of England,
one lay (N = 394) and one ordained (N = 1,052). Laywomen were more literal than laymen among evangelicals and Anglo-catholics, where opposition to women’s ordination
is highest, but in both cases the difference was largely explained by differences in education levels between the sexes. Clergywomen,
with access to leadership resources, were less literal than clergymen in both Anglo-catholic and evangelical traditions. The
results offer rather weak support for the compensatory schema hypothesis, and alternative explanations of the findings are
discussed. 相似文献
134.
Sven Dupré 《Synthese》2012,185(3):501-525
This paper argues that Kepler considered his work in optics as part of natural philosophy and that, consequently, he aimed
at change within natural philosophy. Back-to-back with John Schuster’s claim that Descartes’ optics should be considered as
a natural philosophical appropriation of innovative results in the tradition of practical and mixed mathematics the central
claim of my paper is that Kepler’s theory of optical imagery, developed in his Paralipomena ad Vitellionem (1604), was the result of a move similar to Descartes’ by Kepler. My argument consists of three parts. First, Kepler borrowed
a geometrical model and experiment of optical imagery from the mélange of mixed and practical mathematics provided in the
works of the sixteenth-century mathematicians Ettore Ausonio and Giovanni Battista Della Porta. Second, Kepler criticized
the Aristotelian theory of light and he developed his own alternative metaphysics. Third, Kepler used his natural philosophical
assumptions about the nature of light to re-interpret the model of image formation taken from Della Porta’s work. Taken together,
I portray Kepler’s theory of optical imagery as a natural philosophical appropriation of an innovative model of image formation
developed in a sixteenth-century practical and mixed mathematical tradition which was not interested in questioning philosophical
assumptions on the nature of light. 相似文献
135.
The objective of the study is to assess views of age related changes in sexual behavior among married Thai adults age 53–57.
Results are viewed in the context of life course theory. In-depth interviews were conducted with 44 Thai adults in Bangkok
and the four regions of Thailand. Topics covered include changing sexual behavior with age, adjustment to this change, gender
differences in behavior, attitudes toward commercial sex and other non-marital sexual partners, and condom use. Most respondents
were aware of this change and saw a decrease in sexual activity and desire more often among women compared to men. At the
same time, many respondents viewed sexuality as important to a marriage. Some respondents accepted the decrease in sexual
activity and focused more on work, family and temple activities. Thai Buddhism was seen as an important resource for people
who were dealing with changes due to aging. Other persons turned to other partners including both commercial and non-commercial
partners. The influence of the HIV epidemic that began in the 1990s was seen in concerns about disease transmission with extramarital
partners and consequent attitudes toward condom use. The acceptability of extramarital partners in the family and community
ranged from acceptance to strong disapproval of extramarital relationships. 相似文献
136.
Modeling general and specific variance in multifaceted constructs: a comparison of the bifactor model to other approaches 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This article recommends an alternative method for testing multifaceted constructs. Researchers often have to choose between two problematic approaches for analyzing multifaceted constructs: the total score approach and the individual score approach. Both approaches can result in conceptual ambiguity. The proposed bifactor model assesses simultaneously the general construct shared by the facets and the specific facets, over and above the general construct. We illustrate the bifactor model by examining the construct of Extraversion as measured by the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO‐PI‐R; Costa & McCrae, 1992), with two college samples (N = 383 and 378). The analysis reveals that the facets of the NEO‐PI‐R Extraversion correlate with criteria in opposite directions after partialling out the general construct. The direction of gender differences also varies by facets. Bifactor models combine the advantages but avoid the drawbacks of the 2 existing methods and can lead to greater conceptual clarity. 相似文献
137.
A hypothesis was examined, that gelotophobia (the fear of being laughed at) was negatively related to Type I thinking styles and positively related to Type II thinking styles as defined in Sternberg's theory of mental self-government. 431 university students (250 women, 181 men; M age = 20.4 yr., SD = 1.2) completed self-report measures of gelotophobia (GELOPH <15>) and thinking styles (Thinking Styles Inventory-Revised). Correlation and regression analyses were conducted. The results indicated that gelotophobia was negatively and significantly related to four Type I thinking styles (legislative, judicial, liberal, and hierarchical thinking styles) and a Type III thinking style (external), while it was positively and significantly related to a Type II thinking style (conservative). Thinking styles uniquely explained 18% of the total variance in gelotophobia scores. Possible interventions from the perspective of thinking styles in the treatment of gelotophobia were discussed. 相似文献
138.
Wong YJ Nguyen CP Wang SY Chen W Steinfeldt JA Kim BS 《Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology》2012,18(3):258-267
The goal of this study was to identify diverse profiles of Asian American women's and men's adherence to values that are salient in Asian cultures (i.e., conformity to norms, family recognition through achievement, emotional self-control, collectivism, and humility). To this end, the authors conducted a latent profile analysis using the 5 subscales of the Asian American Values Scale-Multidimensional in a sample of 214 Asian Americans. The analysis uncovered a four-cluster solution. In general, Clusters 1 and 2 were characterized by relatively low and moderate levels of adherence to the 5 dimensions of cultural values, respectively. Cluster 3 was characterized by the highest level of adherence to the cultural value of family recognition through achievement, whereas Cluster 4 was typified by the highest levels of adherence to collectivism, emotional self-control, and humility. Clusters 3 and 4 were associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms than Cluster 1. Furthermore, Asian American women and Asian American men had lower odds of being in Cluster 4 and Cluster 3, respectively. These findings attest to the importance of identifying specific patterns of adherence to cultural values when examining the relationship between Asian Americans' cultural orientation and mental health status. 相似文献
139.
Brad J. Kallenberg 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2012,71(1):55-73
Careful readers of Wittgenstein tend to overlook the significance his engineering education had for his philosophy; this despite
Georg von Wright’s stern admonition that “the two most important facts to remember about Wittgenstein were, firstly, that
he was Viennese, and, secondly, that he was an engineer.” Such oversight is particularly tempting for those of us who come
to philosophy late, having first been schooled in math and science, because our education tricks us into thinking we understand
engineering by extension. But we do not. I will illustrate this common tendency to misread Wittgenstein by examining three
engineering concepts that have little significance for science but played important roles in Wittgenstein’s philosophical
thinking. These are: method of projection, dynamical similarity, and satisfactoriness. The upshot of this analysis will be
a strong challenge to the myth of his putative fideism because neither fideism nor its contrary simply would have occurred
to Wittgensteinthe-engineer. 相似文献
140.
Mikel Burley 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2012,71(1):21-37
This paper critically discusses D. Z. Phillips’ use of literary works as a resource for philosophical reflection on religion.
Beginning by noting Phillips’ suggestion, made in relation to Waiting for Godot, that the possibilities of meaning that we see in a literary work can reveal something of our own religious sensibility,
I then proceed to show what we learn about Phillips from his readings of certain works by Larkin, Tennyson, and Wharton. Through
exploring alternative possible readings, I argue that, although Phillips’ discussions are of considerable philosophical interest,
they undermine his claim to be deploying a purely contemplative hermeneutical method. 相似文献