家庭环境和教师支持对中学生学业拖延的影响：基本心理需求满足与心理资本的链式中介作用

为探讨家庭环境和教师支持对中学生学业拖延的影响机制,采用中学生家庭环境问卷、学生感知教师支持行为问卷、基本心理需求量表、积极心理资本问卷和中学生学业拖延问卷对740名中学生进行调查。结果显示：家庭环境、教师支持和心理资本均对学业拖延有显著影响;家庭环境和教师支持对学业拖延的影响力相当,而个体心理资本的影响力更大;家庭环境和教师支持还能通过基本心理需求满足与心理资本的部分链式中介作用来影响学业拖延。     

综论中国地方政府职能转变与机构改革

科学界定地方政府职能取决于纵向——中央-地方政府权力关系架构下的权责划分和横向——不同时代条件下政府属性及其行为取向这两个维度变量的影响。本文基于经济学公共品理论的研究视角,构建了一个以地方层次上的外部性和规模经济构成的二维空间,以此作为中央-地方政府职能划分的判断矩阵,并进一步简要分析了中国地方政府机构改革取向。本文认为,中国地方政府机构设置与中央政府有同有异理应是主流政策取向。具体而言,省级政府可能最为接近中央政府的模式,地市级政府可能更偏向于因地制宜的模式,而县、乡级政府将趋于功能整合、部门精简,一如缩微版的大部制。     

身心二元论的困境与具身认知研究的兴起

摘要 由笛卡尔开创的身心二元论一直制约着人们对身心关系的认识。但是近年来兴起的具身认知研究却从理论和实证的角度系统论证了二元论的不可能性,指出了心智对身体的依赖性,并据此提出了身心一体的身心关系学说。最初,有关具身认知的讨论仅仅是哲学领域有关身心关系问题的形而上学思考,随后开始成为心理学中的一种理论思维,并逐步进入实验心理学领域。如今,ERP、FMRI等认知神经科学的手段在具身认知的研究中得到了广泛使用。具身认知已成为心理学和认知科学中的一股汹涌澎湃的实证研究思潮。     

Reliability and validity of the kiddie mach scale in Chinese children

The present study examined the psychometric properties of a translated Chinese version of the Kiddie Mach Scale in a sample of Chinese students (N=787) ages 9 to 13 years (416 boys, 371 girls; M age= 11.3 yr., SD = 1.3). Results of confirmatory factor analysis showed a three-factor structure to be the most adequate model: Distrust, Lack of faith in human nature, and Dishonesty. These results are similar to the English version, but not the Greek version. The Chinese version exhibited weak internal consistency, but acceptable 4-week test-retest reliability. The Chinese version of the Kiddie Mach Scale was significantly associated with the Basic Empathy Scale. There was a sex effect on Kiddie Mach Scale scores with boys scoring higher on the Total scale and the Distrust subscale. Some items did not seem to function well in Chinese culture. More research will be needed to find items that represent, especially, distrust in Chinese settings.     

Systematic studies of modified vocalization: speech production changes during a variation of metronomic speech in persons who do and do not stutter

The most common way to induce fluency using rhythm requires persons who stutter to speak one syllable or one word to each beat of a metronome, but stuttering can also be eliminated when the stimulus is of a particular duration (e.g., 1 second [s]). The present study examined stuttering frequency, speech production changes, and speech naturalness during rhythmic speech that alternated 1 s of reading with 1 s of silence. A repeated-measures design was used to compare data obtained during a control reading condition and during rhythmic reading in 10 persons who stutter (PWS) and 10 normally fluent controls. Ratings for speech naturalness were also gathered from naïve listeners. Results showed that mean vowel duration increased significantly, and the percentage of short phonated intervals decreased significantly, for both groups from the control to the experimental condition. Mean phonated interval length increased significantly for the fluent controls. Mean speech naturalness ratings during the experimental condition were approximately “7” on a 1–9 scale (1 = highly natural; 9 = highly unnatural), and these ratings were significantly correlated with vowel duration and phonated intervals for PWS. The findings indicate that PWS may be altering vocal fold vibration duration to obtain fluency during this rhythmic speech style, and that vocal fold vibration duration may have an impact on speech naturalness during rhythmic speech. Future investigations should examine speech production changes and speech naturalness during variations of this rhythmic condition.Educational objectives: The reader will be able to: (1) describe changes (from a control reading condition) in speech production variables when alternating between 1 s of reading and 1 s of silence, (2) describe which rhythmic conditions have been found to sound and feel the most natural, (3) describe methodological issues for studies about alterations in speech production variables during fluency-inducing conditions, and (4) describe which fluency-inducing conditions have been shown to involve a reduction in short phonated intervals.     

人有“希望”的权利———围绕着康德“至善”的理念

本文从康德"批判哲学"的整体角度出发,在"思辨理性"和"实践理性"各自"立法权限"的关系中重点探讨了"德性"与"幸福"作为"原因"与"结果"的"先天综合"的可能性,以此阐明"希望"的"先天必然"的"根据",阐明"希望"之"权利"的"必然"基础。在面对"圆满之善"之为"希望"的"目的-对象"的问题时,本文还讨论了康德关于"神之存在"和"灵魂不朽"作为"实践理性""设定-悬设"所产生的问题,并试图提出自己的看法,强调一个在"实践理性""自律"下的"希望"的"理性"自身的"根据"。     

情绪和框架效应对个体捐赠决策影响的实验研究

本研究采用双因素被试间实验具体考察了特定即时情绪和框架效应对于捐赠决策的影响,结果发现存在显著的主效应和交互作用。悲伤情绪能够增加捐赠者的捐赠意愿,快乐情绪会降低捐赠者的捐赠意愿;损失框架能够增加捐赠者的捐赠意愿,幸存框架会降低捐赠者的捐赠意愿;快乐情绪的捐赠者的捐赠决策受框架效应的影响要弱于中性情绪和悲伤情绪的捐赠者,捐赠者在幸存框架下的捐赠决策受情绪的影响比在损失框架下受情绪的影响更小。     

预期背离下奖励与惩罚的ERPs研究

采用Flanker范式,通过事件相关电位(ERPs)技术,探讨预期背离情境下的脑电反应及与敏感性个体的关系。选取17名被试,采取2×2组内设计刺激类型（奖励vs.惩罚）和预期受挫（是vs.否）;结果表明（1）预期受挫情境引发更高的FRN;（2）惩罚刺激引发更高的FRN,奖励刺激引发更高的P3;（3）惩罚敏感与惩罚、无奖励情境引发FRN相关。本实验结果表明（1）FRN既反应对反馈效价的加工,也可能是预期背离的一种表现;（2）无奖励刺激受惩罚系统调节;无惩罚刺激受奖励系统调节。     

试析制约扬州城市现代化的主观因素

扬州城市现代化缓慢的原因包括主客观两方面,本文从主观方面入手,分析了制约扬州城市现代化缓慢的四个关键因素,它们是畸形消费形态、政府权力运作对现代化进程的“否定”、绅商阶层陈旧的保守意识和扬州人的“虚子”心态所带来的负面影响等。