宗教心理学在美国的发展历程及态势探析

本文通过对美国宗教心理学发展历程的梳理,从中揭示出美国宗教心理学当前的发展态势及存在的问题。美国的宗教心理学经历了兴起、衰落、复兴的曲折发展过程。宗教观念、宗教体验、宗教行为构成美国宗教心理学研究的基本维度,宗教与人格的关系、宗教与心理健康的关系在美国宗教心理学的研究中处于突出地位。两支研究队伍的分歧及心理学取向的研究者在研究方法方面的分歧,系美国宗教心理学研究值得重视的问题。     

北京大学生多元自尊的解析

该研究试图考察北京大学生的整体自尊、多元自尊的特点,探讨整体自尊的结构,考察它与抑郁等消极情绪的关系。研究采用华人多元自尊量表、华人整体自尊量表,在北京地区18所高校中,随机选取300名大学生施测。结果显示:1)多元自尊存在性别差异和年级差异;2)在北京大学生的多元自尊中,个人独立与能力自尊、人际关系与人缘自尊以及家世背景与经济自尊是自尊结构中的主要维度,能够有效预测整体自尊;3)整体自尊与焦虑、抑郁、以及消极情绪的强度与频率都存在显著的负相关。     

法律正义和正义美德

正义是一个复杂而重要的伦理学主题,当代伦理学家罗尔斯把正义当成是一种法律制度,而古代亚里士多德却更为正确地指出,法律正义还不是一种完全的正义,正义毋宁更是一种美德,它是一切美德的总汇。     

风水先生总是“有理”

我的老家在毛主席诗词“五岭逶迤腾细浪,乌蒙磅礴走泥丸”的那个五岭之一的萌堵岭之南麓,在旧社会,那里山高路远,交通闭塞,直到解放初期还是只有一条砂石土路通到县城,科学进不去,延绵了数千年的封建迷信却在那里繁衍生殖,颇为兴旺。小小的一个山区县城,什么巫婆、道士、神汉和风水先生应有尽有。人们求神拜佛讲风水的风气也很浓。记得,当时有一个陈姓街民,外号叫“活神仙”,三十挂零,尚未娶妻成家立业,又不会做耕田种地的活,因此空闲时间也特别多。每天吃饱饭没事做,便在县城周围的大山小岭、沟沟岔岔间闲逛。真是功夫不负有心人,数年下来,…     

领导班子成员气质类型相融度研究

采用安菲莫夫气质量表测量了19个市级企事业单位97名局级党政领导班子成员的气质类型。在对和谐领导班子和矛盾冲突领导班子成员的气质类型的分析结果表明:(1)局级领导班子成员的气质类型分别为多血质和黏液质混合型、多血质类型、多血质与胆汁质混合型;(2)和谐领导班子成员的气质类型与矛盾冲突领导班子成员的气质类型之间具有显著性差异;(3)企业单位主要领导成员的气质类型与事业单位主要领导成员的气质类型之间存在显著性差异。     

注意瞬脱对视觉空间关系判断的影响

将RSVP范式和视觉空间关系研究范式相结合,以两个实验探讨了注意瞬脱对视觉空间关系判断的影响。结果发现,类别和数量空间关系判断之间出现了实验性分离:类别空间关系判断表现出较大的注意瞬脱效应,数量空间关系判断只有轻度注意瞬脱效应。这说明,类别和数量空间关系加工子系统具有不同信息加工特性:前者依赖实时注意资源,其编码过程更多涉及控制性加工;后者较少依赖实时注意资源,其编码过程更多涉及自动加工。另外,还运用注意瞬脱理论对结果进行了解释。     

Work attitudes,career success and health: Evidence from China

Research on the determinants and implications of career success, and in particular on how they are related to health among Chinese workers is scarce. This research explores the impact and relevance of individual attitudes of trust and organizational citizenship behavior on objective and subjective career success, and their relevance to physical and mental health. Further, we explore the moderating role of a career system on the relationships between work attitudes and career success. Using a random sample of 10,372 people in China we used multi-level linear regression methodology to explore a mediation–moderation model based on organizational theories. We found support for the impact of organizational citizenship behaviors and trust, for both objective and subjective career success as mediators of mental and physical health, and for a career system as a moderator, with significant differences emerging between workers employed in the public and private sectors. The results are important as they shed light on the relationship between work and life attitudes on outcomes of high relevance at national level. The original contribution would be of interest to policy makers at both organizational and national level.     

下腰痛综合征的诊治与人文思想

下腰痛是一种常见的骨科病症,轻者可影响患者生活,重者可使患者丧失劳动力。它的发病原因有很多,治疗方法各有不同。在下腰痛的诊断中要按照适度医疗的原则选择合适的检查;在下腰痛的治疗中须按照最优化医疗的原则选择最佳的治疗方案。在治疗中要注意结合人文思想来提高下腰痛的治疗效果。     

Cocaine-but not methamphetamine-associated memory requires de novo protein synthesis

Context-induced drug craving and continuous drug use manifest the critical roles of specific memory episodes associated with the drug use experiences. Drug-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in C57BL/6J mouse model, in this regard, is an appropriate behavioral paradigm to study such drug use-associated memories. Requirement of protein synthesis in various forms of long-term memory formation and storage has been phylogenetically demonstrated. This study was undertaken to study the requirement of protein synthesis in the learning and memory aspect of the conditioned place preference induced by cocaine and methamphetamine, two abused drugs of choice in local area. Since pCREB has been documented as a candidate substrate for mediating the drug-induced neuroadaptation, the pCREB level in hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex was examined for its potential participation in the formation of CPP caused by these psychostimulants. We found that cocaine (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg/dose)-induced CPP was abolished by the pretreatment of anisomycin (50 mg/kg/dose), a protein synthesis inhibitor, whereas methamphetamine (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg/dose)-induced CPP was not affected by the anisomycin pretreatment. Likewise, cocaine-induced CPP was mitigated by another protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide (15 mg/kg/injection) pretreatment, whereas methamphetamine-induced CPP remained intact by such pretreatment. Moreover, anisomycin treatment 2h after each drug-place pairing disrupted the cocaine-induced CPP, whereas the same treatment did not affect methamphetamine-induced CPP. An increase of accumbal pCREB level was found to associate with the learning phase of cocaine, but not with the learning phase of methamphetamine. We further found that intraaccumbal CREB antisense oligodeoxynucleotide infusion diminished cocaine-induced CPP, whereas did not affect the methamphetamine-induced CPP. Taken together, these data suggest that protein synthesis and accumbal CREB phosphorylation are essential for the learning and consolidation of the cocaine-induced CPP, whereas methamphetamine-induced CPP may be unrelated to the synthesis of new proteins.     

“鸡尾酒会”环境中的知觉线索的去掩蔽作用

在有多人同时说话的嘈杂环境中,为什么具有正常听力的人能在一定的程度上听懂目标语句？研究这个著名的“鸡尾酒会”问题的一个新进展是将干扰言语的作用区分出了能量掩蔽和信息掩蔽两种成分。与发生在外周系统的能量掩蔽不同,信息掩蔽发生在心理层次并受到认知过程的调节。因此,主观空间分离、与目标语句节奏相关的视觉信号以及对目标语句某些特征的熟悉程度等知觉线索都具有去掩蔽作用。考察可减少信息掩蔽的知觉线索的交互作用及其高级认知调节是今后重要的研究内容