Investigating Two Approaches to Fostering Children's Comprehension of Literature

This instructional study investigated the effects of two approaches to fostering elementary students' comprehension of literature. Participants were 54 third-grade students in 2 classrooms in a linguistic and culturally diverse, urban elementary school. Students read two folktales, receiving a Scaffolded Reading Experience (SRE) unit with one folktale and a unit we termed a Response-Oriented approach with the other folktale in a counterbalanced fashion. Classes were observed throughout both units and students completed multiple-choice and short-answer tests after reading each story and receiving the unit instruction. Teachers were interviewed after presenting both units. Results on the multiple-choice tests showed that students scored significantly higher when receiving the SRE units and that teachers preferred the SRE unit lessons. However, there were no differences between the two approaches on the short-answer tests, and teachers noted that some of the activities in the Response-Oriented units were very useful. Our conclusions are that both the Response-Oriented units and the SRE units provided strong scaffolding for students' reading, that the two approaches should be thought of as complementary rather than as competing, and that there is a place for both of them in classrooms that seek to build both comprehension and appreciation of literature.     

Enhanced visible-light absorption in heavily nitrogen-doped TiO2

Heavy nitrogen doping of TiO₂ thin films has been achieved by ion-beam-assisted deposition. The heavily doped films have a distorted anatase crystal structure and show an increase in visible-light absorption compared to films with only light nitrogen doping. The enhanced absorption is shown by a first-principles density-functional calculation to result from an electronic band-gap narrowing, in contrast to the appearance of isolated N 2p states above the valence-band maximum that occur with light nitrogen doping.     

不同参数分布形态下GIRM方法和传统GT方法的对比研究

GIRM(Generalizability in Item Response Modeling)是一种将概化理论GT和项目反应理论IRT相结合后计算概化理论中方差分量的一种方法.当GIRM方法下θp和βi的抽样分布与GIRM方法中的MCMC先验分布一致时,GIRM方法对方差分量估计具有较高的准确性.为了进一步检验GIRM方法对IRT参数分布形态的敏感性,研究在将MCMC先验分布固定的情况下,探讨不同IRT参数分布形态下GIRM方法的适用性,并将所得结果与传统GT方法相比较.结果表明:(1)在各种参数分布形态下,采用GIRM方法估计IRT模型的参数是可行的;(2)GIRM方法在被试能力参数为标准正态分布时对σ2(p)估计的准确性高于传统GT方法,但在均匀分布和偏态分布下略差于传统GT方法;(3) GIRM方法在题目难度参数为偏态分布情况下对σ2(i)的估计准确性显著差于传统GT方法;(4)两种方法对于σ2(pie)估计的准确性在任何参数分布形态下都大致相当,优劣并无统一规律.     

Transformational Leadership and Follower Task Performance: The Role of Susceptibility to Positive Emotions and Follower Positive Emotions

Purpose

The aim of the present study is to examine transformational leadership (TFL) from an emotion-based perspective. We apply susceptibility to positive emotions (STPE) as the moderator and follower positive emotions (PE) as the mediator in the relationship between follower perceptions of TFL and follower task performance (TP).

Design/Methodology/Approach

Survey data were collected from multiple sources, comprising 304 supervisor-subordinate dyads in 42 functional units of the Taiwanese military. Hierarchical linear analysis (HLM) was performed to examine our proposed model.

Findings

The HLM results confirmed that follower perceptions of TFL were positively related to follower PE. Further, individual differences in STPE moderated the relationship between follower perceptions of TFL and follower PE. Finally, follower PE mediated the moderated relationship among TFL, STPE, and follower TP.

Implications

This study advances understanding of when, how, and why TFL can enhance follower TP. The findings also address the complex role of STPE and follower PE in the relationship between follower perceptions of TFL and follower TP.

Originality/Value

Emotions have attracted increasing attention in the leadership literature recently, particularly with regard to the transformational leader–follower relationship. This study enhances understanding of how TFL functions by accounting for followers’ STPE. In addition, we respond to Avolio et al.’s (Ann Rev Psychol 60:421–449, 2009) call to test the mediated-moderation effect that links TFL to follower outcomes.     

临床实习生专业教育与医学伦理教育整合的探讨

当前有相当数量的临床学院、教学医院和临床教师仅重视医学生的专业教育而忽视医学伦理教育,专业教育与医学伦理教育严重脱节.应对临床实习生的专业教育与医学伦理教育的培养目标、教育内容、实践过程、教育路径、方式方法进行整合,使医学专业教育与医学伦理教育紧密结合、相互渗透、相互融合、实现整合.     

张三丰的道与身思想

张三丰是明清时期道教养生史上影响甚大的人物。他的丹道思想在道教内丹史上的地位不容忽视。张三丰还被尊为武当内家拳创始人,其通过内炼养生的健身思想极受后世推崇、关注和效仿。“道”与“身”的思想是张三丰思想的重要组成部分,本文从其修道理论与实践着手,认为他的道与身的思想有以下几点:一、身生于道而归于道;二、道显于身;三、修道以修身为大。     

高科技战争对人民军医道德心理的影响及对策初探

现代高科技战争呈现出的新模式和新特点引发了新的伦理问题,从而对参战医护人员的道德心理构建提出了更高要求。分析了高科技战争对我人民军医道德心理,即道德认知、道德情感、道德意志、道德行为等方面的主要影响,进而从医德心理学科角度提出了相应的优化策略。     

Chronic social comparison elicits depression- and anxiety-like behaviors and alterations in brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in male rats

Animal Cognition - Social comparison is a fundamental human characteristic; however, long-term social comparison may induce psychological stress and can lead to depression and anxiety. Recent...     

Are you tired? Spillover and crossover effects of emotional exhaustion on the family domain

This paper examines the spillover and crossover effects of emotional exhaustion on marital satisfaction for both employees and partners as well as on employee work–family conflict and partner family–work conflict. It investigates how the transmission of psychological strain from the workplace to the family domain mediates these relationships. In a sample of 226 employee–partner dyads from manufacturing, electronics, banking, service industries and public organizations, the results support the notion that employees' emotional exhaustion spawns negative strain in the home. More specifically, the results of spillover mediation analyses show the relationships between emotional exhaustion and employee marital satisfaction/work–family conflict in the home. In a crossover model, the results indicate that employee psychological strain mediates the relationships between emotional exhaustion and the marital satisfaction of partners/family–work conflict in partners. These findings provide supports for spillover and crossover models to investigate a direction for the effectiveness of emotional exhaustion on family issues. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed, and directions for future research are offered.