The devil is in the local: provincial religious legislation in China, 2005–2012

Promulgated in the wake of the Regulations on Religious Affairs, the new set of 20 provincial regulations in China often adopt provisions in the central government statute, prescribing a more benign relationship between religion and the state, defining religious affairs narrowly to exclude internal administration issues of religious communities, stipulating protection of religious freedom before that of state authority, adopting a regulatory rather than administrative regime, removing the annual re-certification requirement of religious venues, increasing the institutional autonomy of religious communities in personnel matters and formation, and transferring the supervisory powers from state agencies to religious communities. At the same time, they also circumscribe the interventionist powers of the state, stipulating bureaucratic response time limits, publicising transparent procedures and specific norms for approving and disapproving religious activities, and not requiring religious communities to accept Party leadership. Despite their overall progressive direction, however, some benevolent central government regulations have not been incorporated by the new provincial regulations, notably those exempting religious communities from supporting state ideology, and those providing administrative appeal and judicial challenge for local government decisions on religious affairs.     

Cognitive factors associated with depression and anxiety in adolescents: A two-year longitudinal study

Background/Objective: To examine the roles of anxiety sensitivity and attentional bias in the development of anxiety and depression symptoms among adolescents. Method: 214 grade 7 to grade 10 Hong Kong Chinese students completed a package of psychometric inventories to measure levels of anxiety sensitivity, selective attentional processing, and anxiety and depressive symptoms in 2016 and then again in 2017. Results: Girls, when compared with boys, exhibited more anxiety symptoms and anxiety sensitivity in 2016. They also reported a significant increase in mean depression level from 2016 to 2017. Regression analyses revealed that the physical-concerns dimension of anxiety sensitivity, positive attentional bias, and to a lesser extent negative attentional bias were related to the development of both anxiety and depression symptoms one year later. Fear of mental incapacity could predict depression one year later but not anxiety symptoms. Conclusions: Intervention through anxiety sensitivity training to reduce somatic concerns and attentional bias modification to increase habitual attention to positive stimuli and to disengage from negative stimuli can reduce anxiety and depression symptoms among high school students.     

学步期焦虑影响5岁幼儿创造力：一般认知和掌握动机的链式中介作用

儿童早期焦虑是一种常见的心理卫生问题, 影响个体中央执行功能的发展, 而个体中央执行功能所表现的认知能力的发展通常反映出个体创造性问题解决的过程。本研究采用追踪研究设计, 探讨了学步期儿童焦虑对其学龄前期创造力的长时影响及其潜在作用机制。来自北京的96个家庭(男孩42名, 女孩54名)参与了本研究。在儿童1岁和2岁时, 母亲填写中国版《12~36月龄幼儿情绪社会性评估量表》和家庭基本信息调查表。在儿童2岁时, 采用贝利婴幼儿发展量表评估幼儿的一般认知能力; 在儿童3岁时, 母亲报告儿童掌握动机情况; 在儿童5岁时, 采用托兰斯活动与动作创造性思维测验评估儿童的创造力。研究结果表明：(1)儿童学步期焦虑(广泛性焦虑和分离焦虑)可以显著负向预测其5岁时的创造力; (2)一般认知能力和掌握动机在儿童学步期焦虑(广泛性焦虑和分离焦虑)和学前期创造力之间的链式中介作用成立; (3)儿童学步期广泛性焦虑还可以通过直接负向预测掌握动机, 从而对其5岁创造力的表现产生消极影响。     

道德的个体性与道德的社会性——麦金太尔对情感主义的批判

麦金太尔在<德性之后>中集中对情感主义进行了现代性批判,即从道德危机的反恩出发,对情感主义造成的道德分歧状况进行批判.麦金太尔认为情感主义体现了西方传统哲学主客二分的思维方式,而解决道德个体性与社会性相分离的途径在于道德实践.     

Holistic versus analytic processing: Evidence for a different approach to processing of Chinese at the word and character levels in Chinese children

Among 30 Hong Kong Chinese fourth graders, sensitivities to character and word constructions were examined in judgment tasks at each level. There were three conditions across both tasks: the real condition, consisting of either actual two-character compound Chinese words or real Chinese compound characters; the reversed condition, with either the order of the two morphemes in the word or the order of the semantic and phonetic radicals in the character reversed; and the random condition, with either two morphemes randomly combined to create arbitrary nonwords or a semantic radical and a phonetic radical randomly combined using correct orthographic rules to create noncharacters. On the word level, children performed worst in the reversed condition and best with real words, whereas on the character level, children performed worst in the random condition and best in the reversed condition. Findings imply a holistic tendency toward word-level processing and an analytic approach to character-level processing in these Chinese children.     

Personality Influences in Appraisal–Emotion Relationships: The Role of Neuroticism

ABSTRACT Although appraisal theorists have pointed out that appraisal–emotion relationships should vary as a function of personality traits, evidence demonstrating this is limited and inconsistent. To examine this issue, Ecological Momentary Assessment was employed in which undergraduates indicated their negative emotions and appraisals at regular intervals for 2 days in natural contexts. The results revealed that individuals higher in Neuroticism showed more negative appraisal styles than those lower in Neuroticism. More important, higher Neuroticism was associated with stronger appraisal–emotion relationships of 4 negative emotions (anger, sadness, fear, and guilt). These findings imply that Neuroticism affects not only how people appraise their environments but also the reactivity of their negative emotions to appraisals.     

Validation of the Psychological Work Maturity Scale in Chinese employees

Psychological work maturity is an important concept in situational leadership theory. The present research revised the Psychological Work Maturity Scale for use in Chinese organizations. Three samples of full-time employees (Ns = 205, 266, and 283) from different companies and industries participated in the present study. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that a single-factor structure fit the data. The scale had acceptable reliabilities, convergent and criterion-related validities, and was shown to be an appropriate measure of psychological work maturity in Chinese employees. Maturity differences in several demographic variables were not found, but employees with longer tenure in Sample 2 scored higher on maturity, which shows that psychological work maturity may be dependent on personal development in the interaction with the varying situational factors, especially in the work domain. Implications for research and practice on psychological work maturity in China are discussed.     

回溯式时距估计的动态性及心理机制

时间流逝过程中, 回溯式时距估计动态性体现在短时延迟和长时发展两个方面。前者聚焦秒、分级的延迟, 将其归为背景变化或由目标时距引发的认知差异; 后者聚焦跨年龄(如婴儿、儿童到成年)的个体发展, 认为主要是信息加工速度的差异。最后, 从综合视角出发, 认为其动态性可能是由不同时距信息心理表征的差异造成的, 这体现时间认知的分段综合性。未来需以时间流逝的动态视角开展回溯式时距估计的心理表征研究, 深入探讨与目标时距紧密相关的计时策略在回溯式时距估计中的作用, 并扩展年龄、人格类型等个体差异方面的动态特征研究。     

图形用户界面环境中的鼠标操作活动分析

本研究探讨GUI环境中目标的方向、大小和距离对鼠标指点定位和拖动操作的影响。实验结果表明 ,鼠标指点定位和拖动操作的MT随着目标距离的增加而增加 ,随着目标的增大而减小 ,但下降率呈递减趋势。对于指点定位任务 ,目标方向对鼠标操作的MT有影响 ,而对于拖动操作任务 ,这一影响不明显。总体上 ,以上 3个因素交互地影响鼠标操作的MT。根据本实验数据 ,我们为上述两种常规鼠标操作任务建立了 8个方向的费茨模型。这些结果有助于GUI的工效学设计。     

伊朗古代钱币的宗教内涵

伊朗的古代钱币作为伊朗历史文化的重要载体一直为国际学术界所关注,同时它也是收藏界的宠儿,但是国内对此知之甚少,本文就上海博物馆最近出版的馆藏丝绸之路古代国家钱币和其他伊朗钱币图录以及介绍为依据,阐述伊朗钱币上的宗教内容及其背后深层的内涵。