结构方程在心理学研究中的应用

近年来,在教育、社会及心理学等研究领域,结构方程模型(SEM,Structural Equation Modeling)已成为重要的多变量分析方法,并日益受到广大研究者的重视。本文旨在对SEM作简要概述,并讨论其在心理学研究中的应用,以及在应用过程中应该遵循的标准和需要注意的一些问题。     

Procedural fairness predicts cooperative behaviour for high-self-esteem individuals but not for low-self-esteem individuals

Cooperation is vital for modern society. Previous studies showed that procedural fairness promotes cooperation; however, they mainly focused on cooperation intention, which may fail to reveal actual cooperative behaviour. Moreover, little is known regarding the personality boundary of the effect of procedural fairness on cooperation. Guided by previous findings that self-esteem increases sensitivity to procedural unfairness, we attempted to explore the moderating effect of self-esteem on the association between procedural fairness and cooperative behaviour. In Experiment 1, 160 participants' self-esteem was measured using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; procedural fairness was manipulated in two conditions, depending on whether money was allocated in an economic game by rolling the dice twice or an allocator's arbitrary choice. Cooperative behaviour was assessed using the chicken game paradigm. Experiment 2 (148 participants) aimed to replicate and extend the results of Experiment 1 using a more rigorous experimental design, in which the possible effect of outcome favourability was excluded. The results of both experiments consistently showed that procedural fairness positively predicted cooperative behaviour, and this association was significant in high-self-esteem individuals, but not in low-self-esteem individuals. These findings shed light on the vital role of self-esteem in understanding the relationship between procedural fairness and cooperative behaviour.     

"模块心理学"的理论建构论纲

从“范式”的角度论证了“模块心理学”的基本理论框架。模块心理学假设模块是进化了的心理机制．人脑是可分解系统,认知是功能独立的单元相互作用的产物。其概念网络涉及模块的定义、构成标准、类型及模块间如何相互作用。其方法的核心是功能分解及分析性与整体性相结合。     

刺激模拟量的空间表征:面积和亮度的类SNARC效应

在数字比较任务中的SNARC效应表明心理数字线具有空间上从左到右的方向性。本研究在两个实验中分别用面积和亮度作为比较刺激来探讨SNARC效应是否存在于面积比较任务和亮度比较任务中。实验结果显示,面积比较和亮度比较任务中存在类SNARC效应。     

Quantity discrimination in fish species: fish use non-numerical continuous quantity traits to select shoals

Fish typically prefer to live in big shoals due to the associated ecological benefits. Shoaling is a behavior that depends on the ability to quantitatively discriminate. The fundamental mechanism involved in quantity discrimination determines whether fish can discriminate a shoal using numerical discrete cues (e.g., number of shoal members), non-numerical continuous traits (e.g., total body surface area) or both; however, the mechanism is currently a controversial topic. In the present study, we used a spontaneous choice experiment to test whether guppy (Poecilia reticulata), zebrafish (Danio rerio), Chinese crucian carp (Carassius auratus) and qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis) rely on continuous (i.e., body surface area) or discrete (i.e., number of shoal members) information for shoal selection by altering the body surface area (cumulative body surface area ratio of 3:2 or 1:1) between two stimulus shoals with a different number of members (2 individuals vs 3 individuals). All four fish species preferred to shoal with the stimulus shoal with the larger cumulative surface area even if the shoal had fewer members; however, fish showed no shoal preference when the cumulative surface body areas of both stimulus shoals were equal. Furthermore, qingbo did not numerically discriminate between a shoal with 1 individual and a shoal with 3 individuals when the cumulative surface areas of both stimulus shoals were equal; however, qingbo showed a preference for the shoal with the larger cumulative surface area when the two stimulus shoals each had 3 individuals. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that all four fish species relied only on non-numerical continuous quantity information for shoal selection, at least under a difficult task (i.e., 2 vs 3).     

“类心理学”与心理学的元理论建构——评车文博主编《中外心理学比较思想史》

车文博先生主编的《中外心理学比较思想史》通过＂四方＂文化比较,定义了心理学研究范式的意义,进而建立了一个公正的文化视角下的心理学元理论体系。该书更进一步以心理内容为线索,站在＂类心理学＂的高度描绘了中外心理学范式竞争与演进的历史：古代＂四方＂文化范式呈现相互竞争的态势;在欧洲的科学革命以后,分析理性哲学范式取得了绝对的统治地位。最后,该书中外心理学思想的交流是解决当前心理学范式困难的出路。     

不同年级学生汉语阅读知觉广度的眼动研究

采用"呈现随眼动变化技术"对五年级、初二年级和高二年级学生汉语阅读的知觉广度进行发展研究.结果发现汉语阅读的知觉广度随阅读者年龄的提高而逐渐扩大;知觉广度具有不对称性,广度的右侧范围稍大于左侧范围,这种不对称性不随阅读者年龄的发展而变化;汉语阅读者的知觉广度稍大于他们的跟跳距离.     

独生子女对父母精神赡养的道德责任探析

子女在精神赡养上的道德责任,是关注、肯定老人的生命安全需求,爱或归属需求和尊重需求,井给予及时和必要的满足.独生子女时父母的精神赡养面临极其严峻的挑战,要求他们具有坚韧的道德意志和乐于牺牲的道德精神,同时要求政府、社会和组织提供特殊和必要的政策与服务支持.     

工作情境中的人格研究：回顾与展望

人格研究对任何层次的组织行为都产生了深远的影响,大量元分析都显示了人格特质对工作动机、工作绩效、员工幸福感、压力与应对、团队效能、冲突与谈判、权利与政治、领导以及反组织行为等组织行为指标具有良好的预测力。但是人格研究在组织中的应用因为人格测验的效度和被试在测验中“作假”而饱受争议和批评。人格理论的拓展及其跨文化的适用性,人格特质的负面作用以及结合组织情境的动态研究都是今后研究值得关注和探索的方向。     

Sex ratio in Chinese suicide

In the county of Chuanzhou of China, the male/female sex ratio for suicides was lower in the wealthier districts.