Shape of prismatic dislocation loops in anisotropic α-Fe

Prismatic dislocation loops are the primary manifestation of radiation damage in crystals, and contribute to the phenomenon of radiation embrittlement. This undesirable effect, most serious for materials used in high-dose environments such as next-generation fission and future fusion reactors, results from the strong interaction between gliding dislocations, the carriers of plasticity, with the population of radiation-induced prismatic loops. Ferritic–martensitic steels, the most promising candidate materials for future high-dose applications, are based on iron and are known to become highly elastically-anisotropic at the high temperatures (>500°C) at which they must operate. In this article, we develop a novel modelling approach based on anisotropic elasticity theory to predict the shapes of prismatic loops in anisotropic crystals, paying particular attention to the technologically important case of α-iron. The results are compared with transmission electron microscope observations of the damage structure sustained by ultra-high-purity iron irradiated to a dose of approximately two displacements per atom.     

Personality and life satisfaction in China: The birth order effect under the influence of national policy

Individuals’ development is a multilayered affair. The influence of family relationship on personality, such as  and  focusing on birth order, is subject to influence from other social systems in which the families are situated. The current research examined the relation of birth order to personality and life satisfaction in China, where only children have become the majority because of national policy. Across two studies with both between-family data (N = 1468) and within-family data (N = 171), onlyborns and laterborns surpassed firstborns on openness to experience. In addition, only-child participants were more satisfied with their own lives than were sibling participants, especially laterborns. The results offer new insights into the dynamic relations between ecology and personality.     

Professional Ethical Issues and the Development of Professional Ethical Standards in Counseling and Clinical Psychology in China

This article aims to summarize the current ethical issues in the field of clinical and counseling psychology and the process of developing professional ethical standards in China. First, through a review of the history of counseling and psychotherapy in China, general background information is provided. Important ethical issues are then discussed based on the results from several empirical studies. Finally, the process of developing the new edition of the Chinese Psychological Society Code of Ethics for Clinical and Counseling Psychology, the main contents as well as the considerations taken into account in the development of this code are presented.     

An Eco-Ethical Interpretation of Confucian Tianren Heyi

Opposed to a commonly held interpretation that Confucian discourse regarding tianren heyi (天人合一) is simply a human-centred philosophical fusion of humanity and nature, this article argues that the Confucian discourse is in fact composed of two contradictory orientations, one ren-centred (roughly equivalent to “anthropocentric”) and the other tian-centred (“nature-centric” in a specific sense), which generally correspond to the two major camps of environmental philosophy in the West in the twentieth century. It will be further argued that the two orientations of the Confucian view have different yet related functions with regard to environmental protection and conservation: the tian-centred understanding establishes a metaphysical and religious framework for Confucian eco-ethical norms, in which ecological prohibitions and policies are built into the political and religious infrastructure, while the ren-centred orientation adds practical values and meanings to the ontological care of the human relation to the environment. In modern times, the two orientations of Confucian eco-ethics are under further development, moving away from being dualistic philosophies and converging on the eco-ethical way of life. Contemporary Confucians are investigating how the two traditional “orientations” can be unified as one holistic perspective which could provide theoretical and practical guidance for our understanding of the human position in the universe, the harmony between humans and nature, and the value of environmental protection and conservation.     

网络游戏成瘾与海洛因成瘾存在相同的神经机制吗?——基于MRI的证据

网游成瘾与海洛因成瘾具有许多相似的临床表现,但其神经机制是否相同还不得而知。综合近5年来的MRI研究发现,两类成瘾存在部分相同区域的脑结构和功能损害,且在成瘾线索诱发下二者的4个成瘾相关环路(认知控制环路、奖赏环路、动机环路和记忆-学习环路)均出现了广泛而增强的脑区激活反应。但海洛因成瘾的脑损害区域偏向更高级的认知控制环路和奖赏环路,损害范围也更广(4个环路的功能连通性均降低),而网游成瘾的脑损害主要发生在相对低级的记忆-学习环路和动机环路,损害范围也较窄(功能连通性降低只发生在认知控制和记忆-学习环路之间)。这些结果说明,两类成瘾行为的神经机制既有相同点,又有差异性。     

Prevalence and Correlates of Direct Self-Injurious Behavior among Chinese Adolescents: Findings from a Multicenter and Multistage Survey

Direct self-injurious behavior (DSIB) has become an important focus due to its perniciousness and perplexity. Little is known about its prevalence and correlative factors in Chinese adolescents, including how data may differ according to gender. A multicenter, multistage stratified cluster random sampling was used to examine the previous 12-month prevalence of DSIB, as well as the possible correlates of demographics, risky behaviors, suicidality, and psychosocial factors associated with DSIB in a school-based sample of 11,880 students (49.5 % boys and 50.5 % girls). Approximately 30 % of the adolescents in the sample reported at least one incident of DSIB in the past 12-month period. After controlling for demographic variables, analyses of the independent relationships of DSIB with risky behaviors, suicidality, and psychosocial factors were conducted for each gender. Smoking, binge drinking, running away from home, suicide ideation, suicide plans, positive affect, and physical symptoms were identified as common factors associated with DSIB for both genders in the final model. In addition, truancy, fighting, physical inactivity, motor impulsiveness, and depressed affect were found to be related to DSIB in boys, whereas suicide attempts and somatic complaints were found to be related to DSIB in girls. Separation anxiety and social anxiety associated negatively with DSIB in boys and girls, respectively. DSIB was not found to independently relate to attention impulsiveness, non-planned impulsiveness, self-esteem, or harm avoidance in either genders. DSIB was prevalent in Chinese adolescents. Programs intended to promote physical and mental health in adolescents should take into account gender differences in DSIB-associated factors, including risky behaviors, suicidality, and psychosocial factors.     

威胁信息的记忆优势

采用威胁信息（蛇类）和非威胁信息（龟类）为实验材料,以词汇和图片两种方式呈现,来探讨是否存在对威胁信息的记忆优势,然后添加威胁和非威胁场景以探究不同的场景启动对威胁信息记忆的影响。结果发现：（1）对威胁信息存在记忆优势,对图片信息的记忆优于词汇信息;（2）在威胁场景下,对威胁词汇和图片信息存在记忆优势,在非威胁场景下,对威胁图片信息存在记忆优势,而对威胁和非威胁词汇的记忆无差异。     

新员工期望与组织社会化早期适应的关系

以天津市、浙江省和山东省9家企业2008年7月入职的205名新员工为被试,采用纵向研究设计,在新员工进入企业时和进入企业三个月后分别测量新员工期望和组织社会化近端结果(任务掌握、角色清晰、组织理解和社会整合),考察了新员工期望与组织社会化早期的适应的关系。结果显示:"工作—舒服期望"分别与新员工角色清晰和任务掌握、社会整合存在显著正相关,"工作—责任期望"分别与新员工任务掌握和组织理解正相关。研究结果没有支持新员工期望与适应的关系遵循"特异性匹配原则",但从期望的作用角度支持了工作期望是新员工期望最重要的组成部分。