儿童状态社会创造性的跨文化研究:基于中美文化的比较

从中国和美国中部地区选取小学儿童236人,采用状态社会创造性开放问卷和教师领导方式结构式问卷考察了儿童状态社会创造性的文化差异及其与教师领导方式的关系。结果表明:(1)总体上,美国儿童在社会性问题解决中表现出较强的流畅性和变通性等创造性思维品质,但中国儿童表现出较强的适当性、有效性和冒险性等社会适应和人格状态;(2)状态社会创造性总体上存在着国别与年级之间的交互作用,美国的四年级儿童状态社会创造性得分显著高于五年级儿童;(3)教师领导方式的各个维度均不存在显著的预测作用。中美儿童的状态社会创造性既有相似之处又有不同之处。     

基于语义错觉效应的句子加工探索

“语义错觉效应”是指读者在加工某些语义违例句子时,会暂时性地产生语义合理错觉,而只有通过继续加工或者再加工才能辨别出错误的现象,在脑电成分上表现为没有出现N400效应,却出现P600效应。“语义错觉效应”对传统的句子加工理论模型以及N400和P600的特异性功能意义提出了质疑。研究者在讨论此效应的基础上提出了多个句子加工模型,各模型对语义和句法加工的过程进行了探索,对语义和句法通道的关系做出了新的阐述,并对N400和P600的功能意义做出了新的解读。目前研究对N400功能的解释存在语义整合观和词汇激活观的分歧,而对P600功能的解释则从传统的句法功能转换到了更宽泛的加工过程。未来研究应关注词汇语义关系和跨语言差异,以期进一步揭示句子加工的认知及神经机制。     

Visual orientation in a mirror world tilted 90 degrees

Previously, we showed that many supine observers in a furnished room tilted 90 degrees perceive themselves and the room as upright. We called this the "levitation illusion" because the arms feel weightless when held out from the body. We now report that a familiar scene viewed by supine observers through a mirror at 45 degrees appears vertical when, optically, it is horizontal and above the head. However, the body feels pitched upright only partially. This visual-righting effect, like the levitation illusion, is due to the polarity axis of the scene being accepted as vertical even in the presence of conflicting information from the gravity sense organs. In experiment 1 we tested the potency of objects containing either intrinsic polarity (due to familiar tops and bottoms) or extrinsic polarity (due to support relationships) to generate a visual-righting illusion. To almost all observers, a blank surface seen in the mirror appeared like a ceiling. A scene containing an object with intrinsic polarity, such as a chair or person, seen in the mirror appeared vertical to almost all observers. A scene containing a pair of objects with only extrinsic polarity, such as a ball on a shelf (but not a ball under a shelf), also appeared vertical to most observers. In experiment 2 we found that a polarised scene was more likely to produce a visual-righting illusion when it was arranged as a view through a window rather than as a picture inside a room.     

Global and Regional Perspectives on Testing Children and Youth: An Empirical Study

The results of an international survey of test use in 44 countries are reported. Data are presented and discussed for six groupings: highly industrialised, less industrialised Western, developing Third World, socialist, Middle East, and least developed nations. A total of 740 tests were identified. A number of similarities exist among the six groupings in their test use. Intelligence tests are most commonly used followed by personality and achievement tests. Important differences also exist. For example, the developing Third World and Middle East nations use more group than individually administered tests and fewer achievement tests. Many tests lack reliability and validity studies and norms. Additional tests are needed to assess achievement, intelligence, social development, personality, and vocational interests and aptitudes. Tests are especially needed for children and youth who are learning disabled, mentally retarded, and slow learners. Problems created by these conditions and implications of the frequent use of foreign developed tests are discussed.     

法显西行起始及归国时间考--兼论“南国律学道士”

佛教东传后,我国西行求法的高僧代不乏人,其中东晋时期的法显法师“创辟荒途”[1],乃是我国历史上第一批到达印度的僧人,而且是第一位从陆路去、海路回的僧人。本文就法显西行求法的起始时间、归国时间及与之相关的“南国律学道士”等问题作一考察。     

Subjective Well-Being and Its Determinant from A Study of Beijing＇s Urban Elderly

Abstract This study was designed to obtain an understanding of the subjective well - being ( SWB ) status amongChina‘s urban elderly, and to find out the major factors that could influence the status in question. Our survey wasconducted of 233 urban elderly individuals, and the data was statistically examined by multiple regression analysiswith the results that: 1 ) The SWB of China‘ s urban elderly was relatively high as only 4.5 96 of all respondentsconsidered themselves unhappy or very unhappy; 2) Major factors that had an influence on SWB included economicresource, mobility, age and social support; and 3 ) Five demographic variables accounted for 18.6 96 of the variancein SWB, which was slightly higher than that of foreign findings. It is concluded that financial security, active par-ticipation in physical and social activities, and social support are necessary for the improvement of the SWB of the el-derly.     

Thinking styles predict religious belief among subgroupings of university students

This study explores how thinking styles relate to religious beliefs among subgroupings (by gender, university class level, and academic discipline) of university students in mainland China. The Thinking Styles Inventory-Revised II (TSI-R2) and the Religious Belief Scale (RBS) were administered to 522 students. Results showed that, those with Type I styles (i.e. more creativity-generating, less structured, and cognitively more complex) tended to be less religious, while those with Type II styles (i.e. more norm-favouring, more structured, and cognitively more simplistic) scored higher on the RBS. The limitations, contributions, and implications of this research are discussed.     

网络不文明行为实施者的心理特点初步研究

本研究调查了大学生网络行为的影响因素,发现在样本中有将近10%的学生存在一定的网络不文明行为,其中又以男生居多。研究发现:不文明行为的实施者具有较高的互联网自我效能感、更强烈的网络使用动机,较高的焦虑、激惹水平。     

医学中的奇葩——文艺医学

美国一位心理学家曾对50名有各种精神创伤而没有器质性疾病的人进行对照试验。6个月后证实,那些认真写日记的人,各项免疫指标得到改善,就医次数减少,精神状况明显改善,而不写日记的人则没有这种改变;有一位严重失眠的患者,根据医生的指导将卧室以黄、白二色修饰,避免青色和红     

原始儒家德性政治思想的遮蔽与重光——《缁衣》郭店本、上博本与传世本斠论

By analyzing the author of Ziyi 缁衣 (Black Costumes) as well as Ziyi’s transmission and evolution by studying and analyzing the ancient text, one can see that Ziyi was a work of Zisi or the Zisi and Mencius School. Comparing the similarities and differences between the transmitted version of Ziyi and its Guodian 郭店 and Shangbo 上博 versions, one finds that the original version of Ziyi had been significantly revised by Confucian classics teachers in the unstable political and social climate during the Western Han Dynasty, specifically, the thought of moral politics of the original Confucians contained in the work was garbled and concealed, and the idea of law and the legal system was highlighted accordingly. The uncovered Guodian and Shangbo versions of Ziyi have removed the shroud that Confucians in the Han Dynasty had spread over it for 2, 000 years, revealing the thought of moral politics of the original Confucians. Translated by Huang Deyuan from Kongzi Yanjiu 孔子研究 (Confucius Studies), 2007, (1): 30–41