The Underlying Role of Negative Affect in the Association between PTSD,Major Depressive Disorder,and Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Clinicians and researchers have found differential diagnosis to be difficult, particularly for conceptually similar disorders. One category of particular interest has been distress or internalizing disorders, theorized to be related via an underlying construct of generalized distress or negative affect. The present study attempted to address the comorbidity of three distress disorders - posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) - using latent analyses by controlling for the variance attributable to negative affect. The sample consisted of 265 trauma-exposed individuals who completed self-report measures of PTSD, MDD, GAD, and negative affect. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test initial model fit. Next, the model was re-computed, controlling for negative affect by regressing negative affectivity at the item-level. Results indicated that a significant amount of variance within and between these diagnostic categories is attributable to negative affect at both the item- and factor-level. The hypothesis that MDD’s non-somatic/affective factor and the GAD factor would have the highest attenuations in factor loadings after controlling for negative affect was supported. Therefore, negative affect significantly influences the co-occurrence of PTSD, MDD, and GAD clinically, emphasizing the need for transdiagnostic interventions for trauma victims.     

Building a cognitive map by assembling multiple path integration systems

Path integration and cognitive mapping are two of the most important mechanisms for navigation. Path integration is a primitive navigation system which computes a homing vector based on an animal’s self-motion estimation, while cognitive map is an advanced spatial representation containing richer spatial information about the environment that is persistent and can be used to guide flexible navigation to multiple locations. Most theories of navigation conceptualize them as two distinctive, independent mechanisms, although the path integration system may provide useful information for the integration of cognitive maps. This paper demonstrates a fundamentally different scenario, where a cognitive map is constructed in three simple steps by assembling multiple path integrators and extending their basic features. The fact that a collection of path integration systems can be turned into a cognitive map suggests the possibility that cognitive maps may have evolved directly from the path integration system.     

条件性推理测验：人格测验的新思路

条件性推理测验关注人们如何解决表面上看上去类似于传统归纳推理测验的问题,其真实目的是根据反应者是否将基于某种内隐偏差的解决方案视为合理的,进而评估反应者的人格倾向.有证据表明该方法可以有效防止自陈问卷的有意扭曲等相关问题,获得更可靠的结果.这种测评思路在成就动机和攻击性两个领域的研究中已经获得初步成效,测验的信度和效度都较为理想.然而也需指出,这一新思路尚处在发展中,还有一些问题如施测方法、测验构建和思路拓展等需作进一步探讨.     

概念图对学生成绩和态度影响的元分析

这个元分析评论了学生利用概念图进行学习的实验研究.首先按照元分析的标准选择文章,从涉及3623名被试的26项研究中抽取27个独立效果量.不同年级水平的学生应用概念图学习科学、心理学和统计学等课程的内容.后测评估了知识的唤起和迁移.在不同的教学条件、教学情境和方法中,应用概念图策略都使得学生的成绩增加、学生对学习的态度变得更加积极肯定、降低了学生对学习的焦虑.平均效果量依据概念图的使用方法和对照组的特点而改变,不同的研究存在显著的异质.     

近30年马克思主义哲学研究的逻辑进程——从物质本体论到马克思的感性思想

从1978年到2008年,马克思主义哲学研究经历了30年的发展历程.这30年来,既是哲学理论界的思想不断解放的历程,又是马克思主义哲学研究不断深入的历程.     

幼儿元认知知识发展的特点

以北京市某幼儿园5个班98名幼儿为被试,利用分类和拼图任务对其元认知知识进行了测试.结果发现:3～5岁幼儿在元认知知识的某些方面表现出了一定的发展变化过程,对主体性的元认知知识、任务难度的元认知知识和策略的元认知知识的认识表现出了显著的年龄差异,特别是内部策略的运用随着年龄的增长越来越多,而对外部策略的运用越来越少.     

Detecting impossible changes in infancy: a three-system account

Can infants detect that an object has magically disappeared, broken apart or changed color while briefly hidden? Recent research suggests that infants detect some but not other 'impossible' changes; and that various contextual manipulations can induce infants to detect changes they would not otherwise detect. We present an account that includes three systems: a physical-reasoning, an object-tracking, and an object-representation system. What impossible changes infants detect depends on what object information is included in the physical-reasoning system; this information becomes subject to a principle of persistence, which states that objects can undergo no spontaneous or uncaused change. What contextual manipulations induce infants to detect impossible changes depends on complex interplays between the physical-reasoning system and the object-tracking and object-representation systems.     

Personality traits and life satisfaction among online game players.

The DFC Intelligence predicts worldwide online game revenues will reach $9.8 billion by 2009, making online gaming a mainstream recreational activity. Understanding online game player personality traits is therefore important. This study researches the relationship between personality traits and life satisfaction in online game players. Taipei, Taiwan, is the study location, with questionnaire surveys conducted in cyber cafe shops. Multiple regression analysis studies the causal relationship between personality traits and life satisfaction in online game players. The result shows that neuroticism has significant negative influence on life satisfaction. Both openness and conscientiousness have significant positive influence on life satisfaction. Finally, implications for leisure practice and further research are discussed.     

儒家经典英译与儒家思想的跨文化传播

儒家经典是中国传统文化的瑰宝。儒家经典的外译特别是英译,一直是西方国家了解中国文化的重要途径之一,也为西方读者提供了更为广阔的欣赏儒家思想的空间。儒家经典英译其本质是一种跨文化传播活动。儒家经典众多的译本由于译者的背景、传播目的和目标受众的不同,也呈现出不同的风格。