人类非逻辑思维辨析

按照皮亚杰的观点,成人的思维发展已达到“形式运算”的阶段,能够依据形式逻辑规则进行抽象的合乎逻辑的判断和推理。从此以后,根据逻辑的标准判断人类的推理是否是理性的就自然而然被接受了。然而最近的一些研究发现,人类在现实生活中并不完全遵照形式逻辑的规则来思维,在许多时候都表现出非逻辑的一面,似乎有另一种大家公认的“心理逻辑”。但是,非逻辑并不意味着非理性,从生态学的角度说,很多时候心理逻辑具有理性的一面。     

Will recalling a purchase increase your well‐being? The sequential mediating roles of postpurchase sharing and relatedness need satisfaction

To shed light on the underlying mechanisms of the relationship between purchase type and well‐being (including hedonic and eudaimonic well‐being), this study explored the mediating roles of both postpurchase sharing and relatedness need satisfaction in a Chinese sample. In the current study, participants were required to recall an impressive past purchase and report the level of postpurchase sharing, relatedness need satisfaction, and well‐being experienced after the purchase. The results indicated that (a) participants in the experiential purchase group reported higher levels of both hedonic and eudaimonic well‐being than did those in the material purchase group, and (b) postpurchase sharing and relatedness need satisfaction sequentially mediated the relationship between purchase type and well‐being. Specifically, individuals were more willing to share with others after experiential purchases than after material ones. Therefore, in turn, they experienced higher levels of relatedness need satisfaction, which was conducive to higher levels of both hedonic and eudaimonic well‐being.     

解读杜威教育理论中的"民主"内涵

杜威思想博大精深,《民主主义与教育》、《经验与教育》、《人的问题》等是其代表作,这些著作展示了杜威对教育的追求,对理想社会的追求,对未来社会的设想。在这些著作中,"民主"是一个关键概念。本文分析了杜威教育理论中"民主"的四重涵义:民主是一种共同体形式,一种生活方式,是经验的过程,教育是民主的载体和必经之路。     

国民政府时期法官职业化的制度环境

法官的职业化从根本上来说取决于相关制度的设计和保障。本文通过对法律教育、司法官选任制度、法官职业化的经费保障及法官的考核监督制度等相关方面的分析,对国民政府时期法官职业化的制度环境进行一个实证的探讨,以期对这一时期法官职业化所面临的若干问题做一个简要分析。     

决策中后悔的ERP研究

采用运气轮博弈范式探讨后悔的加工时程。分析决策正误的ERPs发现,200～300ms决策错误比正确诱发更为负走向的波,表现为典型的FRN（feedback-related negativity, FRN）;300～400ms决策正确比错误诱发更大的P300。500～900ms决策正确比错误诱发更大的LPC（late positive component, LPC）,并表现出明显的右半球优势效应。上述结果支持了FRN加工反馈刺激显著性信息和P300加工反馈刺激效价的观点,研究发现后悔与LPC可能具有密切关联。将来研究须在控制得失程度基础上,考察FRN、P300和LPC与效价、得失及得失程度和情绪体验的关系。     

非言语学习不良青少年空间和非空间关系推理特点

目的:考查在图形和文字两种刺激材料条件下,非言语学习不良青少年空间关系和非空间关系推理特点及推理策略的使用.方法:从初中二年级中选取三组被试:非言语学习不良组(简称NLD,n=11)、言语学习不良组(简称VLD,n=11)和一般组(简称C,n=19),测量三组被试的推理特点及其推理策略.结果:在图形和文字刺激材料下,NLD组被试的空同关系推理成绩都显著低于一般青少年,而他们的非空间关系推理能力则与一般青少年没有显著差异;VLD青少年除了图形非空间关系推理外,其他三类推理成绩都显著低于一般青少年.结论:NLD青少年的空间关系推理能力低于非空间关系推理能力.两者存在分离现象;三组被试在推理策略使用的有效性方面存在差异.     

空间关系在归纳推理中的心理效应研究

两个实验研究了人们进行归纳推理时对空间关系的依赖,分离了空间关系与相似性.离开了空间关系,人们无法进行有效的归纳推理;人们是依据空间关系而不是相似性来进行归纳推理.人们只是对空间关系中的内外的变化敏感,但是对空间范围之内的距离和位置变化的反应就很迟钝.     

Visual working memory for line orientations and face identities

Previous studies have shown that the number of objects we can actively hold in visual working memory is smaller for more complex objects. However, complex objects are not just more complex but are often more similar to other complex objects used as test probes. To separate effects of complexity from effects of similarity, we measured visual memory following a 1-sec delay for complex and simple objects at several levels of memory-to-test similarity. When memory load was one object, memory accuracy for a face (a complex attribute) was similar to a line orientation (a simple attribute) when the face changed in steps of 10% along a morphing continuum and the line changed in steps of 5° in orientation. Performance declined with increasing memory load and increasing memory-to-test similarity. Remarkably, when memory load was three or four objects, face memory was better than orientation memory at similar changed steps. These results held when memory for line orientations was compared with that for inverted faces. We conclude that complex objects do not always exhaust visual memory more quickly than simple objects do.     

线索提示对物理问题表征的影响

考察了复杂物理问题解决中图形线索提示和参数线索提示的作用,结果表明,在难度较大的物理问题中,单一的图形线索提示未给学生带来太大的帮助,而参数线索提示有助于学生搜索到有效算子.讨论了专家在物理问题解决过程中的特点,认为专家的优势之一在于比新手更善于发现关键的线索,能够根据关键线索找到合适的原理来完整地表征问题.